Henry V as War Poet

There are many different attitudes to war: pacifists find it morally outrageous and unnecessary, others a necessity to protect and defend their own country and that of others. During the life of Shakespeare the security of the King on his throne was unstable. Defending the throne and social stability through war was imperative. This is reflected thematically in ‘Henry V', with Shakespeare promoting the King as a divinely appointed ruler and encouraging acceptance of this. Throughout ‘Henry V' there are very strong references to God, sin and salvation. War is viewed as a moral and spiritual means of upholding the status quo. With this in mind, ‘Henry V' opens with the mature king, ‘The mirror of all Christian kings', seeking justification for declaring war on France, with Henry asking the Archbishop if God is happy with his claim to the French throne. ‘May I with right and conscience make this claim? ‘ Henry, asking the Archbishop for support as King of England, demonstrates his desire to fight in the name of God, confirming that God's appointed monarch is bound by spiritual laws. Later on in the play we learn of Henry's other justification for war: honour. He says he is not interested in gold – he only wants honour and glory for his country. ‘But if it be a sin to covet honour, then I am the most offending soul alive. ‘ Henry will not proceed with war unless his decision to fight is justified by the Church. No longer will he be reckless in conflict, as he was in his younger days. Before battle Henry prays; following success he offers thanks. War is viewed as both necessary, justifiable and sanctioned by God. Despite this spiritual view, war is also promoted as a ‘game' and a noble adventure, a means to bond with ‘dear friends'. Having been given tennis balls as a provocative insult, war is seen as the inevitable consequence and Henry declares war, by saying ‘the game's afoot'. This metaphor of war being a game continues through the whole play, despite the fact that it is a wicked and bloody ‘game' which results in horrific suffering and bloodshed. Interestingly, Jessie Pope,a jingoistic war poet, also represented war as a great adventure game that all boys should embark on, as seen in her poem ‘Who's For The Game? . She specifically addresses the younger generation in her chatty tone with lines such as ‘Come on, lads. ‘ and personifies the country as a female, with the attitude that the men should be protecting and serving her. She appeals to the protective instinct and the patriotic desires of the individual by doing this, by saying ‘Your country is up to her neck in a fight, and she's looking and calling for you'. The poem is structured with rhetorical questions which aim to persuade and encourage men to join force and fight. As a propaganda poem, the horrors of war are evaded and the idea of a fun game promoted with vivid description and verbs. ‘The red crashing game of a fight? ‘ Before Harfleur, Henry is also at his rhetorical best to unite and inspire his ‘team'. War is regarded as an inherited duty. ‘On, on, you noblest English. Whose blood is fet from fathers of war-proof! ‘. Repetition is used as a means of encouragement, with Henry stressing the words ‘On, on' to urge his soldiers forward, and alliterating the ‘f' sound stresses that fighting and carrying on from their fathers preserves family honour and security. It is better to die fighting for England, to ‘close the wall up with our English dead', then be cowardly, as Rupert Brooke reinforces when he says ‘There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust which England bore, shaped, made aware'. In these quotations it is clear that the products of England have the duty to fight and defend their motherland, or at least die honourably trying. Similarly, Brooke justifies war by stressing people were duty bound to fight for their country. He too believed that England made him who he was and it was his duty to protect it. ‘A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware. In this sense, Brooke also believed that he was a possession belonging to England and that he owed a debt to his country. ‘Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given'. Henry's persuasive speech stresses this same idea. ‘Whose limbs were made in England, show us here The mettle of your pasture'. ‘The Soldier' promotes patriotism by focussing on the beauty of the country rather than the actual fighting – rather ironic for a war poem. As in ‘Henry V', there is the idea present that England is superior and worth more than other countries, as shown by the use of the word ‘rich'. and in that rich dust a richer dust concealed', the dust being Brooke's remains. The poem is Brooke's personal narrative; about him giving his body back to England. ‘gives back the thoughts by England given' Patriotism would encourage a man to fight, courage is an essential quality to survive! War is promoted as an act of courage. Most of Henry's key speeches in the play, such as the charge of Harfleur and the one delivered on St Crispians day, were designed to raise spirits and work up courage. One prominent idea, especially in the St Crispians day speech, is that the fewer men there are, the ‘greater share of honour'. Henry also tells his soldiers not to fear death, saying that it would be honourable to die for their country. ‘If we are mark'd to die, we are enow to do our country loss'. At times Henry dissolves his powers of status and leadership to become one of the ‘brother's'. He labels him and his soldiers a ‘happy few', a ‘band of brothers', rather than calling them an army and presenting them as a unit that's not only hostile and foreign to the attackers but also to each other. He uses pronouns such as ‘we' and ‘us' rather than ‘I' and ‘you'. This demonstrates equality and unites the army to encourage the bonds of ‘brotherhood' between them – a clever rhetorical tactic to persuade and encourage soldiers to rise above their individual circumstances and differences and become a more robotic mass. In contrast, poets such as Owen and Graves deliberately focus on the individual, whereas Henry encourages his soldiers to lose their individuality for the sake of England. This is seen as a clever leadership tactic: leading under the guise of not purely following a leader, but of everyone being of equal status. War is instinctively a natural act of defence, and is Henry's first thought when he is insulted. When provoked, animals attack, as shown in the imagery of Act 3, Scene 2. Henry tells his soldiers that when they hear ‘the blast of war', their first actions should be those of the tiger, acknowledging an aggressive and instinctive side to these men. ‘Then imitate the action of the tiger; Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood'. According to Henry, these animalistic tendencies should dominate them in this fight. ‘Disguise fair nature with hard-favour'd rage'. War is a glorious and natural defending action to these men, and they have to be prepared to follow and encourage this instinct. Like Pope and Brooke, Wilfred Owen and Robert Graves were patriotic, but when they saw firsthand the horrors of war their attitude changed. Graves' poem ‘A Dead Boche' details his change in attitude. ‘Today I found in Mametz Wood, a certain cure for a lust for blood'. War may be an expression of courage, patriotism, honour, but to Graves â€Å"War's Hell! â€Å", as declared in â€Å"A Dead Boche'. Grave's focuses on the torment of an individual soldier, meaning that the ravages of war cannot be sidestepped. No one can view the â€Å"Big-bellied, spectacled, crop-haired, Dribbling† wounded man as honourably and happily dying and returning to the soil of his home country. We are forced to see the horror of war, a horror which Henry cleverly acknowledges but as the fate of the enemy and the consequence of arousing his anger: When the siege of Harfleur fails, Henry attempts to bluff his way into the city by painting a vivid picture of what will happen if the French do not surrender. Defile the locks of your shrill shrieking daughters; Your father's†¦ reverend heads dash'd to the walls'. The use of onomatopoeia and alliteration in ‘shrill shrieking' emphasises the outrageously violent consequences of war. Nature imagery is also used in the line ‘mowing like grass your fresh-fair virgins'. The image of mowing grass usually creates nice images of the springtim e and getting the earth ready for blooming, however here the simile creates a dark image, as we are not mowing grass – we are ‘mowing' through and cutting down ‘flowering infants', indeed the innocent in war. Henry is presenting war as a punishment, not just to the French soldiers, but even to the non-participants in the fighting as well as the Shakespearean audience. In his speech he emphasises the attacks on the most helpless and innocent people in the community, such as the ‘fresh-fair virgins', describing graphic deaths involving rape and mindless violence. Henry has an attitude towards this war that lets him believe that God will not see them as sinning – ‘with conscience wide as Hell' – because this invasion has been sanctioned by Him, and as a result he is prepared to do anything to fulfil his claim. However, the reader and the audience of this play must wonder if God is used as an excuse by Henry because what kind of God would sanction such Hell on earth? ‘Who's For The Game' and ‘The Soldier' give justifications for war – defending your country and owing a debt to it respectively. However, Wilfred Owen, another war poet, failed to give any justification in his poems, purely because he didn't see the reasons behind war! He aimed to show the reality and horrors of war in his poems for all participants, the most notable being ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est'. Owen questions how such pain and degradation be justified. In his poem ‘Anthem For Doomed Youth', Owen presents a world devoid of divine order and intervention; a hell on earth. This was the reality of the ‘war hero' stories about those heroically dying to protect their country. ‘no prayers nor bells' There are no bells ringing worshippers to Church to glorify God, and the only choir is that of ‘wailing shells'. Religious imagery is used to highlight the horrific, hellish reality. All the weapons in this poem are personified – ‘wailing shells' ‘monstrous anger of the guns' – implying the attitude that war is not a natural phenomenon – it is completely man-made destruction here. This attitude starkly contrasts with Henry's viewpoint in his prayers and speeches, as he believes that war is a natural part of all men and therefore life. ‘The mirror of all Christian Kings' also sees God as his motivation, inspiration and his protector, and God is listed first in his battle cry as they charge toward glory. ‘God for Harry, England, and Saint George! ‘ Henry cleverly presents war as only being hell for the French with the English glorious in battle or death. Henry deliberately focusses on collective disgusting images, such as ‘I will not leave the half-achieved Harfleur till in her ashes she lie buried. ‘, which is a threat not just to individuals such as the Governor but to the whole city itself. Using such images takes the emphasise off the true foulness of war that poets such as Owen and Graves aimed to put into the light. Henry uses collective images to take the focus off his individual weakened soldiers, plagued with casualties and illness. During his bluff the focus is not on the actual torment that the ‘knock kneed†¦ hags' that had been ‘cursing through sludge' (as soldiers were described by Wilfred Owen) were going through. The focus in on the potential horror in the images of rape and mindless violence evoked by Henry that stop people such as the Governor from looking at the army that may not even be able to carry out such an attack too closely. On the whole, ‘Henry V' glorifies war. It is represented as an opportunity to display courage, heroism and brotherhood. The consequences of war are addressed in some poignant speeches, yet still the audience marvels at Henry and his army. Patriotic poets such as Jessie Pope are similarly sparing with their images, intent to encourage conscription and bravery, whereas the horrific truth about war is starkly presented by Wilfred Owen in his poems such as ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est' and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth'. Overall, war is war, but there are many different attitudes to the event, and some – when presented in the right way – ultimately prevail, much like Henry and the English did over the French with simply a few words.

Cypop5 Task 1

Ella O’Gorman Task 1 As a home-based child-carer I would like to provide parent’s/carers with information outlining the following: Current Legislation. Role of the Regulatory Bodies. Legislation is a very important part of my practise. It ensures that I provide a high standard of care for the children that attend my setting. There are several pieces of legislation that affect the early years and childcare sector but I have outlined ones that I feel are most important and relevant to my work as a home-based child-care provider. Children Act (1989) -This act aims to improve effective local authorities working to safeguard and promote children’s well being and support vulnerable children. The act aims to ensure that the welfare of the children is paramount, working in partnerships with parents to protect children from harm. In 1999 a document entitled ‘working together to safeguard children’ was published, it reinforces the message that all professional s have a duty of care towards children who are at risk of harm. Children Act (2004) -This act was to improve communication between various organisations, after the terrible death of Victoria Climbe highlighted the lack of communication between organisations responsible for her safety. As a result of this A Green paper entitled ‘Every Child Matters’ was published. This paper lists five outcomes which were identified in consultation with children and young people. The five outcomes are as follows: 1. Being Healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle. 2. Staying Safe: being protected from harm and neglect. 3.Enjoying & Achieving: getting the most out of life and developing the skills for adulthood. 4. Making a Positive Contribution: being involved with the community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour. 5. Economic well-Being: not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential. * Childcare Act (2006) – This act ensures that childcare in England is regulated and has replaced part of the children act (1989). The act covers registration and inspection which are carried out by the regulatory body Ofsted. This is when the EYFS was introduced.They inspect the standard of education and care framework for the early years and general childcare registers ensuring that the five outcomes set out in the children act (2004) and all Ofsted registry requirements are being met. * SENDA (2001) – Special Educational Needs & Disability Act – This act is intended to prevent the unfair treatment of individuals. The act requires reasonable provisions to ensure providers adopt an inclusive approach towards children with disabilities or special needs and everybody is treated equally. * EYFS (2012) – Early Years Foundation Stage -This comes from the childcare act 2006.It first came into effect on the 1st of Sept 2008 and then was reformed to be effectiv e from 1st Sept 2012 to take forward the Governments changes to the 2008 framework. This framework covers both the learning and development and the welfare requirements and is mandatory for all early years providers on the Early Years Register. The learning and development requirements are given legal force by an Order made under section 39(1)(a) of the Childcare Act 2006. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given legal force by Regulations under Section 39(1)(b) of the Childcare Act 2006. Ella O’Gorman The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that all children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children’s ‘school readiness’ it also gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for good future progress through school and life. The EYFS seeks to provide the following: * Quali ty and consistency – so that every child makes good progress and no child gets left behind. A secure foundation – through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of individuals which are assessed and reviewed regularly. * Partnership working – of practitioners and with parent’s/carer’s. * Equality of opportunity – by anti-discriminatory practise ensuring every child is included and supported. The EYFS has four guiding principles that help shape practise in the early years settings. These are: * Unique child as every child is and is constantly learning, they can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured; Positive relationships as all children learn to be strong and independent through these; * Enabling Environments help children to develop well, their experiences respond to their individual needs and there should be a strong partnership between practitioners and parents/carers; * Childre n develop and learn in different ways at different rates The framework covers education and care for all children including special educational needs and disabilities. As mentioned before the EYFS covers both learning and development and the welfare of children. Learning and Development Requirements:This section defines what providers must do in partnership with parents/carers. The learning and development requirements compromise: * The seven areas of learning and development and the educational programmes; * The early learning goals, which are the knowledge, skills, and understanding that all young children should have gained by the end of reception year; * The assessment requirements (when and how practitioners must assess children’s achievements and how they share this progress with parents/carers). The seven areas of learning are divided into two areas.All areas of learning and development are important and inter-connected. Three areas are crucial for igniting childrenâ⠂¬â„¢s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. Prime Areas – the three areas cover; * Communication and language – The early learning goals for this area are; Listening and attention Understanding Speaking 2 Ella O’Gorman * Physical Development – The early learning goals for this area are; Moving and Handling Health and Self Care * Personal, Social and Emotional Development – The early learning goals for this area are; Making relationshipsSelf-confidence and self awareness Managing feelings and behaviour Providers must also support children in four areas, through which the three prime areas are strengthened Specific Areas – The four areas are; * Literacy – The early learning goals for this area are; Reading Writing * Mathematics – The early learning goals for this area are; Numbers Shape, space and measure * Understanding of the world – The early lear ning goals for this area are; People and communities The world Technology * Expressive Arts and Design – The early learning goals for this area are; Exploring and using media and materialsBeing imaginative Assessment – at the end of the EYFS. Practitioners are expected to complete an EYFS profile on each child. The profile provides parents/carers and teachers with a well rounded picture of a child’s knowledge, understanding and abilities. The profile must reflect ongoing observation and each child’s development must be assessed against the early learning goals. Practitioners must indicate whether children are meeting expected levels of development, or if they are exceeding expected levels, or not yet reaching expected levels (emerging).Safeguarding and Welfare Requirements: This section defines what providers must do to help children develop in a safe and secure environment. These cover: * Safeguarding and Promoting Children’s Welfare – Alwa ys working to promote children’s welfare and their good health and the way in which their behaviour is managed. * Suitable people – Making sure that all adults looking after children or having unsupervised access are suitable to do so, qualifications and training and adult: child ratios. Childminders are responsible. Ella O’Gorman * Suitable premises – Maintaining the safety and suitability of outdoor/indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys. Also health and safety law, and need to register as a food business and deal with food/hygiene appropriately. * Organisation – The planning and organisation of systems. Ensure that all receive an enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience that meets children’s individual needs. Documentation – The records, policies and procedures needed for safe and efficient management of the business and to meet the needs of the children. * Race relations Act (1976) amended in 2000- Child care providers are required to produce a policy on racial equality and to actively encourage positive relationships between members of different racial backgrounds. * Education Act (1997) – This act incorporates all previous acts since 1944 into one act. Set a time frame on the legal process for identifying and assessing a child’s needs as set out in the Code of Practise. Education Act (1981) – This act was the first official recognition of: Parent’s rights regarding children’s education and special educational needs. * Education Act (1993) – This was a code of practice to be published for children with special educational needs. Parents of children under 2yrs have the right to ask for a child to be formally assessed. * Family Law Act (1996) – This act sets out the guidance relating to safeguarding children. * UNCRC (1989) – United Nations Convention of the Rights of Children – This reinforces children’s rights al l over the world.It gives children and young people over 40 major rights, some include the right to a family life, the right to be protected from all types of violence, the right to be healthy, the right to have a say and to be taken seriously and the right to have an education that helps you grow as a person. The UNCRC gives extra rights to children in very difficult circumstances, including children in trouble with the law and refugee and asylum seeking children. * Data Protection Act (1998) – This act Controls how your personal information is used.As child carers we must not pass on information about the families we work with. (except in cases of safeguarding). Personal information should be kept safely locked away. * Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations (1995) – This act sets out basic hygiene requirements. It’s considered good practise for childminders to hold a Basic Food Hygiene Certificate. * Health Protection Agency Act (2004) – A UK-Wi de public body dedicated to protecting people’s health. * Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984) – This act covers the notification and exclusion periods for certain infectious diseases. RIDDOR (1995) – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – This specifies certain accidents and incidents that must be reported by law. * COSHH (2002) – Care of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations – This deals with the identification, storage and use of potentially harmful substances such as cleaning fluids. There is more legislation that I use in my work. I have given a brief description of each one that I feel is important for my home based setting, others are listed below: If you would like to know about these in more detail please let me know. Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations (1981) * Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations (1997) * Toys (Safety) Regulations (1995) 4 Ella O’Gorman The Regulator y Body also has a very important impact on the way I run my home-based setting. Home-based child-carers must be registered with the regulatory body for their country before they can care for other people’s children in their home.All the regulatory bodies publish requirements, or standards and procedures that childminders have to meet in order to become registered. In England there are five general welfare requirements: * Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare * Suitable people * Suitable premises, environment and equipment * Organisation * Documentation Regulatory bodies in the UK * England – Ofsted. * Wales – Care and social services Inspectorate Wales (CSSIW) Standards. * Scotland – Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care. * Northern Ireland – Local Health and Social Services Trust.The role of Ofsted is to use the registration systems in place so that they can make sure that home-based child-carers: * Meet the requirements in the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. * Are suitable people to provide care for children. * Can promote an environment where children are well cared for, are safe and their learning and development are catered for. Ofsted have processes and systems to control home-based childcare in the following ways. * Registration – This covers checks on all adults who will be on the premises at the time of operation. Inspection – Once registered inspectors carry out checks on the service you offer. This is written as a report and must be offered to parent’s. * Investigation – Complaints or concern is followed by an investigation into your service to make sure you comply with the welfare requirements. * Enforcement – If requirements aren’t met then Ofsted can take action against you. When childcare providers apply for registration there are 3 different registers. 1. Early Years Register – To care for children from birth to 5 years 11 months. This is compulsory. 2. Ofsted Childcare Register – To care for 6 – 8 years. This is compulsory. 3.Voluntary Register – For over 8 years. This is not compulsory. It is usual for childminders to go on all 3 registers so that they are covering the total age range. If you are on more than one register you have to make sure you can meet the requirements for all of the registers and show that you can meet the needs of the age range of children you are caring for. To become registered other requirements by Ofsted would be: * To be peadiatric first aid trained. * Have an enhanced CRB check 5 Ella O’Gorman * Be qualified at a minimum of level 2 in an area of work relevant to childcare * Suitable insurance cover. Pre-registration visit to check safety of premises. As well as being the regulatory body you need to register with, Ofsted would also require that you inform them of matters affecting the welfare of children: * If protection issues arise at your setting. * Any incident of food poisoning affecting two or more children. * Any serious accident or injury to, or death of any child while receiving childcare. Having legislation and regulating bodies in place ensures that children receive a high standard of care in all settings that a child attends away from home.This helps give you as parents/carers reassurance when leaving their children. Task 2 Accidents, illness and emergencies policy I aim to keep children safe when they are in my care. However accidents and illnesses can happen very quickly. I promote good health and take necessary steps to prevent accidents and the spread of infection and illness. My premises have been checked and they meet the requirements set out in the Early Years Foundation Stage in England. I also review, update and practise my safety routines regularly including fire drills.As a registered childminder, I am legally required to have a valid first aid certificate. I can administer basic first ai d treatment on children as I last did my training in Nov 2012. I have a first aid box which is clearly labelled and kept in the cupboard in my kitchen which is easily accessible. I keep all parents contact details with the first aid box. All accidents will be recorded in an accident book, which is available to parent’s who will also be expected to sign a copy. I have a written permission form signed by parent’s kept in each child’s file, seeking emergency treatment for their child if needed.I check all equipment regularly for safety, and to make sure they are used using their correct guidelines and manufacturer’s instructions. All equipment is cleaned after use, either on a daily or weekly basis depending on type of equipment. I must notify Ofsted of any serious accidents, illnesses or injuries or the death of a child whilst in my care and any action I have taken within 14 days. If your child becomes ill during the childminding period or I suspect they ha ve an infectious disease. I will contact parent’s to collect the child.Ensure that the child is kept home until they have been well for an agreed amount of time. Please refer to sickness exclusion period table which is included. 6 Ella O’Gorman I have an arranged emergency back-up should an emergency arise. Procedure To ensure that this policy is implemented, these are the steps that I follow: All parent’s/carers are made aware of my policies and procedures during the settling in period. They will also be made aware of their responsibilities of collecting their child when they are sick. I go through all the paperwork with them and parent’s/carers sign copies to say that they agree.If concerns are raised adaptions can then be made. If there is an accident: I will comfort and reassure the injured child while making sure all other children are safe and well, in a secure place where I can see them. If possible I will deal with the accident/injury, if it requ ires further expertise I will ring 999 for help. If I have to attend hospital with the injured child, I will either bring the other children with me, or call my emergency back-up cover.This will be another registered childminder or known responsible adult. These people will be known to you and are named below. If I manage to deal with the accident myself, I will then contact the child’s parent’s/carers immediately. If I accompany the child to hospital, I will contact their parent’s/carers and ask them to meet me at the hospital. If I am not able to contact parents/carers in cases of emergencies then this may be done by emergency back-up cover. You will be expected to collect your child straight away.

Write a paper comparing and contrasting commercial aviation careers Research

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Modern Jewish History - Case Study Example This led to changing attitudes among Rabbis, as the faith began to become less strict. While it could be argued that this modernization became necessary in order for the faith to survive, it can also be argued that it takes away from the Jewish experience as a whole. The modernization of Jews in the Ottoman and Northern Africa differed greatly from the modernization of Jews in Europe because they were surrounded by different cultural elements in each place. The leaders of the European Jews viewed modernization as a destructive force that had the potential to ruin Judaism as a whole. Modernism was compared to a whirlwind by these leaders, which would become a destructive force against tradition and, therefore, the religion as a whole. What occurred because of these new modern ideas was a split between Jews in Europe. Traditionalists believed that everything new was forbidden by the Torah and this caused for those who wished to change the structure of Judaism to leave the religion and form their new branches. All of this was based on fear for the Rabbis of Europe and this fear overtook the religion and caused it to split. By not allowing for changes to be made in order to accommodate the new modern world, Rabbis created even more problems for European Jews. One such change that occurred involved how Jews were to dress. The modern world was creating new fashions and many Jewish people wished to change how they dress. The Rabbis believed, however, that this would make them indistinguishable from the Gentiles, which is going against the Torah because it is a form of shame. Many of these Jews also wished to take part in activities outside of their religious circles, such as become involved in politics or discussion groups. All in all, the leadership of the European Jews was responsible for the opposition to modernization and, therefore, responsible for dissecting the religion because of this. In Arab countries, Rabbis took a slightly different approach to modernization. While they did believe that modernization could cause some major problems for the faith, they also believed that many of the forces of modernization could be used to their advantage. They did not come out against modernization, but rather worked with in it order to ensure that Judaism would survive in the region, which included a rejection of many European ideologies, as they asked the question: " what in the culture of European peoples is superior to Arab culture, by which Iraqi Jews have been influences, that would make it appear preferable to them'".1 This led to a much less chaotic atmosphere in religious circles, as the people did not feel like they had to go against their religion in order to fit in with the rest of the modern world. The religious aspects of Judaism became less strict over this time as well. While the religious leaders were not happy with this fact, they also realized that they had to adapt to the times in order to help people to keep the faith. This is why they did not overreact when young Jewish men began trimming and later shaving their beards. While this was not allowed by Jewish tradition, the Rabbis realized that they could not stop modernization and, therefore, they moved away from some of the traditions, while keeping others alive. Because the modernization in the Arab world took place much later than in Europe, the Rabbis were able to learn from the mistakes of Europe, in order to ensure t

Supply Chain Integration in the Food Industry Essay

Supply Chain Integration in the Food Industry - Essay Example My first action as the new CEO would be to implement an efficient consumer response (ECR) system. As one author notes, "ECR is an approach to supply chain management which...is a managerial approach that starts with consumer demand and then gears the whole of the supply chain to responding to that demand. It is a customer-driven, demand-pull product management system..." (Gillooley and Varley 42). This method makes particularly good business sense in the retail grocery environment because it is based on supplying products by allying all of the elements of the supply chain with customer purchasing patterns. Consider, for example, how this type of SCM system would increase efficiency during the holidays. Normal sales of large, frozen turkeys are generally low during the months of January through October, but spike over November and December. A supply chain which was based on the ECR model would be integrating suppliers, distributors, and in-store inventories to minimize costs and maxim ize what can only be considered as a diminishing profit margin, e.g., the closer to Thanksgiving it gets, the cheaper the price for the birds and the more competitive the market becomes. The alternatives to this integrated approach are either to run out of inventory and lose market share, or to over-stock and suffer a negative product age issue; neither of which are profitable nor efficient. Accordingly, the ECR would be my first move as the new CEO. My second strategic focus on using supply chain integration would focus on operation and information systems. Similarly to Mr. Johnston, I know that information systems efficiency and interoperability is an important area for an SCM. Proper use of technology to maximize efficiency is well worth the investment, as demonstrated by Wal-Mart in past case studies. One reason information systems are so vital is the operational support they provide and the speed and accuracy at which they provide it. This systems integration directly addresses issues like overstocking which, in many retail businesses is costly, but in a retail grocery setting can be prohibitively expensive. As Ketzenberg and Metters note, "although all major grocers use scanner technology at cash registers...[in most stores] stock ordering is still done manually by employees visually checking shelf sets" (31). It is for this reason that I think Mr. Johnston's investment in technology is astute; and I would do the exact same thing. As the information systems are integrated and the operational aspect of inventory tracking moves from visual unit counts to a more efficient and accurate SCM system, additional benefits will be gained; the ability to interface with the ECR system noted above will permit supply chain managers to monitor the relationship between quantities ordered and sold so that accurate forecasting can bring higher efficiency, lower costs, and greater customer satisfaction. The blending of a

The Legend of John Henry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Legend of John Henry - Essay Example Recent interpretations include Disney’s short film John Henry and Julius Lester’s children’s book John Henry. Disney’s film pictures John Henry as a historical civil rights hero, a symbol of African American empowerment, while Lester’s book illustrates Henry as a Christ-like figure, attaching a more mystical connotation of the hero. The different interpretations of John Henry as a mythical hero in black folklore reveal how he has become the embodiment of black freedom, dreams, and strength. As these adaptations show, his name holds a symbolic power that allows audiences to appropriate his heroics according to their wish. This tale is presented differently in most of children literature versions. Walt Disney’s ‘John Henry’ film and Lester’s ‘John Henry’ book are examined., with a goal of determining if it is necessary for people to deviate from the original story when talking about this myth. In 2000, Walt Disn ey Studios created a film adaptation of the John Henry myth in which they transformed him into a selfless hero. This film was intended to introduce children to the â€Å"the doers and dreamers that made America great,† a knowledge Disney claims â€Å"no childhood should be without† (Website). A common feature of Disney adaptations of various fairytales, legends, and myths is the didactic messages that have been incorporated into them. In The Legend of John Henry, John uses his strength to benefit the people rather than have it displayed merely to demonstrate his own power. In this way, Disney tries to educate children on qualities they should develop within themselves. Placing John Henry before them as a role model, Walt Disney Studios attaches to him Western values, those that adults wish to instill in children of America. At the same time, the film can also be seen as Disney’s attempt to create a hero that children of African American descent can identify with and be proud of. John Henry is the first animated African American protagonist created by Disney (Web). The theme of the film is evident from the opening; it begins with the narrator, an African American woman, saying, â€Å"Let me tell you about my John Henry, who laid down his life for his dream† (film). The film goes on to portray Henry as an emancipated slave that swears never again to be in chains. At one point Henry tells his wife, â€Å"Polly, if they steal our dreams they put a chain around our souls, somebody’s got to stand tall, believe me† (film). The idea of Henry being a slave is not found in original variations of the legend, which focus more on his mythical upbringing and displays of strength. In this way Disney attempts to historicize Henry; as a slave contextualized within a specific time period he appears more real. This realism helps to verify the message of the story; the more believable the underdog legend appears the more powerful its mess age is to audiences. At the same time however, Disney also presents the idea that a hero’s reputation extends beyond the limits of his or her own reality. It is mentioned in the film that after John Henry joined the railroad gang, the rumors about his strength and achievements started growing. This referral separates the man from the myth while simultaneously maintaining the integrity and magic of the

The Movie Unforgiven As An Anti-Western Western Essay

The Movie Unforgiven As An Anti-Western Western - Essay Example The flimsy nature of this explanation is shown by the need for hyperbole whenever the story is told. The Kid, Munny, and Ned categorically attempt the assassination for egocentric goals (Sarat 308). They are particularly interested in attaining glory, to bring back former glory, or just for the money. This portrays the westerners as men of leisure. Their motivation is selfish, fulfilling their calling. Although to some extent, the material gain can be viewed as secondary in the film, Munny is in need of money. Apart from the farm, he has a family to support. His passion is no longer gun fighting. Munny has abandoned that life and only returns to it for what that life can offer him, an opportunity to make a fresh start with his family (Sarat 309). The western convention of gentlemen goes on in Beauchamp's story of English Bob. Little Bill disapproves this story and views Bob as a fearful rogue with a need, and yet a limited aptitude for violence. He gives Beauchamp an account of the s tory. In the process, he relates what he believes takes to be a western hero. According to him, accuracy and coolness of head, rather than speed, makes a western hero. The Westerner is also painted as lonely and somehow melancholy (Kamir 195). Munny faces Little Bill as well as his disputes singlehandedly, which is quite usual in the western. However, their loneliness is not imposed on them by their situations. Rather, it belongs to them intimately and testifies to their completeness. This loneliness is organic, but Munny is not portrayed in the film as being organically alone. At the beginning of the movie, Munny has two partners (Kamir 196). They somehow leave him as a result of the film’s narrative developments. Both the Kid and Ned abandon the gunfighter lifestyle. Munny to some extend ends up alone since that is what is required by the genre, a lone hero. The film also concerns the generic conventions of the western.

Good mentor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good mentor - Essay Example One of the most significant characteristics within a good mentor should be that he must know that all his actions and behaviors would be taken on by the people who believe in him and follow him staunchly. This means that he must be aware of the fact that his proponents have a positive vibe about him and there should be no negativity involved within the following domains that crop up on a regular basis. The good mentor should always be sure that he is being followed by the people around him or even when he is not being watched by someone. There is always someone who keeps a tap on him because indeed he is a good mentor at the end of the day. Another characteristic of a good mentor is that he will put his money where his mouth is. This would suggest for his truthfulness because he is being followed by a large cross-section of the society and thus his words and statements need to be taken on by people who belong to varied genres and strata (Cox, 2000). Hence it is a given that these people know the truthfulness aspect is present within the mentor and that he firmly believes in the same premise nonetheless. The element of honesty is being seen as closely related with a good mentor because if he does not believe in being honest and truthful about his own dealings, the people that follow him would start getting alienated from him and their distance would increase as a result of the same undertakings. This mentor will also keep association with the people who strongly advocate for him and who mean serious compliance with him and his respective domains. It would mean that he is honorable for the people in giving them sound advice and offers them a word for whatever they think about him and the different world affairs. This mentor can only become a good one if he knows the proper and true meaning of remaining forthright with his own domains, and thus links his positive self with the people that are around him or lie in close

Home Depot and Lowes Essay Example for Free

Home Depot and Lowes Essay Case Summary Value Line Publishing analyst, Carrie Galeotafiore had followed the retail building-supply industry for approximately three years. Within a week the investment-survey firm will be publishing Galeotafiore’s quarterly findings on the industry along with the five-year financial forecast for the industry’s leaders, Home Depot and Lowe’s. In an effort to increase their top and bottom-lines, Home Depot and Lowe’s have implemented strategies like improving customer service, attracting professional customers, and introducing a more favorable merchandise mix. Combined sales from the two companies accounted for more than a third of the industry’s sales. In the mean time, smaller hardware stores struggled to remain in the game. Galeotafiore reports shows confidence in the methods Home Depot deployed to achieve their goals and attributed Lowe’s margin expansion to their thrust into the major metropolitan markets. This case will mainly focus on the strategic issues involved with Home Depot and Lowe’s, the industry trends, the financial outlook for the respective companies, and whether or not Galeotafiore has the depth of knowledge and experience to make a correct call on the companies’ performance.Finally, the report will be substantiated with financial ratios comparing one company with the other, showing possible alternatives and proposing recommendations. Case Analysis This segment will narrow down the major issues of the case, along with the quantitative perspective showing historical trends and the projected level of economic activity. In 2001, the Economist Intelligenc Unit (EIU) estimated the retail building-supply industry to be approximately $175 billion with stores similar to Home Depot and Lowe’s capturing one third of the 51% of sales in their category. Despite the slump in the economy in 2001, growth was at 4.2% which representd a decline from 7.7% in 1998. Strategic issues for Home Depot and Lowe’s Home Depot’s CEO, Bob Nardelli’s goal was to increase their margin through declining cost in product review, opening more tool-rental centers and improving purchasing aspects. All of the above were an effort to remain  competitive. Galeotafiore stated in her report that stores which provide programs similar to the Service Performance Improvement offered by Home Depot tend to fear better in operating margins, inventory turnover and productivity, than the do-it-yourself establishments. Jefferies’ analyst Donald Trott downgraded Lowe’s, due to a declining housing-market bubble and, based on an opinion that their stock price was richly valued compared to Home Depot’s. However, on the brighter side, Lowe’s management told analysts that over the next two years, it expected to maintain sales growth between 18% and 19% and over the next three years from 2002 to 2004 it is expected to open 123, 130 and 140 stores respectively entering metropolitan m arkets with populations over 500,000 like the Boston and New York markets.

Threat Of Substitutes And Bargaining Power Of Customers Marketing Essay

Threat Of Substitutes And Bargaining Power Of Customers Marketing Essay As mentioned earlier in part 1.3, I will be using Porters Five Forces to analyse the external environment to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a given industry. My focus here will be the fast food industry. BK is my chosen company to evaluate the effect of globalisation has upon fast food industry. The analysis will be done in four areas as below and there may be some overlapping of points as they can be interrelated. There are six major sources identified as barriers to a market entry which include economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirement, switching cost, access to channels of distribution and government policy (Porter, 1980). All these have had impact on BK especially as from the point of view of globalisation. In my observation, it is very possible to open one or two outlets but to globally have a chain of outlets with the same branding requires tremendous capital requirements. Thus globalisation has directly impacted BK in the way it structured its business model through franchising. BK could afford to do so as with agreements such as US- Canada Free Trade Agreement and North American Free Trade Agreement (Reference for Business, 2010). BK took advantage of the relative free flow of resources under globalisation to expand globally. Franchising is a relative low cost and low risk business model. Most of the US franchisors often use this method to enter a new market with diverse economical, cultural and political environment (Alon, 2006). For instance, 88% of BKs restaurants worldwide are franchised in fiscal 2009, contributing to $412.5 millions of total revenue globally (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). Franchising enables the business to develop in an unfamiliar market relatively quickly on a larger scale, allows the use of local partners who are familiar with local environment and also to create a standardised, global brand image, generating marketing economies of scale (McDonald et al., 2002). Charts below will provide further information on BKs franchise restaurants. Chart 1: Percentage of BKs Franchise Restaurants and Company Restaurants Worldwide ( Burger King Holdings Inc.,2009; SEC Info, 2007) Chart 2: Revenue Breakdown From BKs Total Revenue Worldwide (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009) However with globalisation, competition is globalised and relentless. McDonalds is actually BKs largest competitor as it provides better menu variety with more valuable and affordable prices (CNN.com, 2009), biting into BKs revenue by securing a larger market share. McDonalds is also more a pioneer compared to BK because it opened its first restaurant in 1940 (Spiritus-temporis.com, 2005) compared to BK with its first restaurant in 1954 (WikiAnswers, 2010). Being a pioneer, McDonalds has many advantages which includes entrenchment of position in consumers minds, creating higher thresholds for later entrants in terms of quality, advertising and distribution support, enjoys long-term market share advantages and reputation benefits (Gass et al.,2003). It is the effect of globalisation where McDonalds has built around 32,000 outlets in more than 117 countries (McDonalds Corporation, 2010). With its expansion into international markets, the company is famous throughout the world and is the leader in this industry followed by BK only at second place. The difference in number of outlets worldwide which also translates into sales volume differences between these two fast food chain can be seen clearly in the diagrams below. Chart 3: The total number of restaurants worldwide for BK and McDonalds. ( Burger King Holdings Inc.,2009; McDonalds Corporation, 2009) Chart 4: Comparison of Sales Revenues Between BK and McDonalds (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009, McDonalds Corporation 2007; 2009, SEC Info, 2007) Based on the charts, McDonalds is approximately 3 times larger than BK in terms of outlet and 10 times larger in terms of sales revenues. Substantial capital is also needed in terms of advertising to build up BKs brand. The advertising cost of McDonalds is approximately 8 times higher than BK thus creating a higher barrier entry when BKs brand name is lacking compared to McDonalds. To compete with McDonalds, BK needs more capital to increase its advertising as it is very much needed in globalisation to introduce BK in new markets and building up its image that they may otherwise not known about (Coulter, 2001). To ease comparison of the advertising cost, it is illustrated in chart below. Chart 5: Advertising cost of BK compared to McDonalds (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009; SEC Info, 2007; McDonalds Corporation, 2007;2009) With these type of cost outlays, for other competitors to come into the same scale as these two companies is extremely daunting indeed, thus the threat of entrants is low, though for smaller players is possible to find niches that are under or not exploited as yet. Luckily the advertising costs have resulted in branding, which builds a better image globally and flows ultimately into higher sales and profitabililty. Table below provides Best Global Brand Ranking 2009 highlighting few of BKs major competitors and where BK succeeded in positioning its brand among top 100 in year 2009. 2009 rank 2008 rank brand country of origin sector 2009 brand value ($m) 6 8 united states restaurant 32275 61 64 united states restaurant 5722 79 81 united states restaurant 3876 90 85 united states restaurant 3263 93 new united states restaurant 3233 Table 1: Best Global Brand Ranking 2009 (Interbrand, 2009) It is clear that BK lags behind McDonalds though in many ways this is to be expected given its much lower advertising cost outlays, which besides outlet costs, form a significant barrier of entry as mentioned earlier. 3.1.2 Product Differentiation With globalisation, BK differentiates itself from other fast food giants by acknowledging culture and country specific needs. For instances, Pork-based Bulgogi Burgers are offered in korea and the ultra-spicy Rendang Double in Singapore (Wikipedia, 2010). Picture 1: Pork based Bulgogi Burger Picture 2: Rendang Double (flickr.com, 2008 ) (therealnurulle.blogspot.com, 2010) BK also keeps its promise of Have it your way with customers having 221184 possible ways of ordering a Whopper meal (Swabey, 2007). This will help to ease its penetration into new market with different local conditions. BKs response to globalisation is obviously to cater to local tastes, as the pictures above testify. Another response to globalisation has been the move towards becoming more healthy by offering healthier menu with less salt and also with its product innovation to provide food with higher nutrition contents. At all times, BK is trying to differentiate itself to meet customers demands. Further details regarding food offerings will be mentioned in later part. 3.2 Threat of Substitutes and Bargaining Power of Customers Various global fast food chains have successfully make inroads in diverse market settings around the world (Watson, 2006). These restaurants stand the most conspicuous symbol of globalisation and modernity in countries worldwide (Wilk, 2006). Hence, they are often viewed as the cutting edge of emerging global consumer culture which have caused societies worldwide to become increasingly homogeneous and deterritorialised (Friedman, 2000). Although the expansion of Western quick-service eateries outside America and Europe has done much to transform established notions of service, taste and lifestyle (Schlosser et al., 2001), their spread has also given rise to rival domestic chains whose extensive knowledge of local preferences offers real advantages in attracting and retaining customers (Matejowsky, 2008). It is the strong bargaining power of customers which intensify the competition among various food chains with more substitutes available. To deal with these forces on a global basis, BK resorted to differentiate itself through innovative marketing and menu items. 3.2.1 Innovative Marketing BK has adopted a strategy which helps to differentiate them from their competitors. The company appointed TMP Worldwide Advertising Communications to create an exclusive company-wide employer branding campaign based on the concept Fun with a Future which concentrates on brand recognition, employee engagement and delivering on brand promise. BK decided to differentiate itself through its product and people with its employee as brand ambassador where all employees at all levels are linked to the company brand featuring in BKs advertisements and posters (Business and Finance Week, 2008). This is in line with the concept of globalisation where people of different races, culture and family background will have a common global identification as BKs brand ambassador. Pictures below feature BK employees who are of different races and cultures. Picture 3: Employees of BK in Tokyo Picture 4: Employees of BK in U.S. (associatedcontent.com, 2010) (farsons.com, 2010) BK also uses a creative marketing strategy by building an edgy, hip image with young men, who are targeted consumers (Jargon, 2006). For instance, in November 2006, BK began offering BK Xbox and Xbox 360 games with their value meals. After one month, 20 million of BK Xbox games had been sold. The games could only be bought with a value meal which means that BK attracted a lot of customers with this promotion, earning a nice profit from it. Comparing with BK, McDonalds on the other hand only places Nintendo mascot toys in their Happy Meals (Mattie, 2007). A picture of both BK Xbox and McDonalds Nintendo toys can be seen below. Picture 5: Burger King Xbox Picture 6: McDonalds Nintendo Toy ( blogs.ft.com, 2006) (toadcastle.net, 2006) The successfulness of BKs innovative marketing was already proven in 1999 in a TV campaign where Whopper was proclaimed as Americas Favourite Burger. That claim was based on the result of a research where 700 consumers were asked to name their favourite burger. 33% of them picked Whopper and only 12% chose McDonalds Big Mac (Cebrzynski, 1999). Having innovative marketing is a response to the threat of substitutes and bargaining power of customers as BK tries to embed itself on consumer consciousness globally. 3.2.2 Menu Options and Changes BK tries to reach out more customers through its menu to reduce threat of substitutes, which of course with globalisation is a full time and relentless force. As mentioned in part 3.1, health consciousness was rising among people with the obesity crisis hitting globally. It was found that United States tops the hierarchy for obesity with 30.6%, followed by Mexico and United Kingdom with 24.2% and 23% (NationMaster.com, 2010). Even though BK tries to blunt customers bargaining power and the threat of substitutes through aggressive marketing as seen above, in truth they are obviously much stronger with no switching cost. New Products Thus a response from BK is to try to be almost all things to customers. For instance, provide healthier food options. The company in its social responsibility statement promises to work with its trained chefs and nutritionist to develop new menu options that meet customers nutritional needs globally (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2010a). BKs efforts could be seen when it unveiled a healthy eating adaptation of its Have It Your Way strategy where posters in restaurants tell customers how to order a low carbohydrate, low fat and low calorie meal (Walker, 2004). The famous Whopper can also be served without the bun, mayonnaise and ketchup (MacArthur, 2004). BK also launched a new salad line offering shrimp and sirloin steak with grilled peppers and onions on it (Walker, 2004). Besides, health drive was initiated by BK by reducing salt and fat content in burgers and fries. Even children are targeted where childrens menu also comes with a choice of apples or grapes, milk or fruit juice (Forte, 2006). In 2008, BKs kids meal underwent makeover with the introduction of apple fries as part of the meal (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2010b). A list of BKs healthier options with their calorie contents are provided in Appendix 3. Pictures below show two healthy options from BK. Picture 7: Kids meal with Apple Fries Picture 8: Bunless Whopper (fastfood.ocregister.com, 2009) (hungry-girl.com, 2010) In addition, BK also later launched its Joe Coffee. This made-to-order coffee processed from 100% Arabica coffee beans (The Franchise Mall, 2005). This is actually a response to global economic crisis where it was found that consumers were trading down from more expensive coffee such as starbucks into lower ranking choices, providing a perfect option for BK. Thus even though globally the economic situation was dire, for instance it was found that 2009s world economic growth rate was only half percent (International Monetary Fund, 2009). BK found a new market segment to exploit to further reduce the threat of substitutes and bargaining power of customers. Latest initiatives include where in February year 2010, BK decided to replace its own coffee brand BK Joe with Seattles Best Coffee, a brand owned by Starbucks to increase falling sales by improving its product offerings (Tice, 2010). Pictures below show BKs Joe Coffee and its replacement, Seattles Best Coffee. Picture 9: BK Joe Coffee (ebay.com, 2010) Picture 10: Seattles Best Coffee (myalohavibe.com, 2010) BK also imitated a McDonalds breakfast item. BKs Breakfast Muffin Sandwich was promoted through an advertisement where a cleverly disguised BK breaks into McDonalds Headquarters to steal the Top Secret Blueprints for the Sausage McMuffin With Egg (Dave, 2010). Picture below shows the contrast between the two breakfast offering from McDonalds and BK. Picture 11: McDonalds Sausage McMuffin with Egg Vs BKs breakfast Muffin (davescupboard.blogspot.com, 2010) New Pricing It is not just menu changes were offered but also menu pricing as well. To meet the changing economic conditions as an impact of global recession, BK also announced that it will offer $1 double cheeseburger in order to gain market share back from McDonalds (Johnson, 2007). This has cause BKs franchisees to file a law suit challenging BKs right to dictate maximum prices as the products costs is at least $1.10 per sandwich (Glover, 2009). Thus even though BK tries to satisfy customers other stakeholders may not be happy, showing the complexities in managing relationships in the era of globalisation. Further in many ways, as seen in breakfast, and even in pricing, since the RM $1 cheeseburger, BK is imitating McDonalds. 3.3 Bargaining power of suppliers With globalisation, BK is required to maintain the quality of services in its restaurants worldwide. As a measure of quality control, BK will evaluate before approving the existing or potential manufacturers and distributors of food, packaging and equipment products used in the restaurants. Evaluation is done based on their delivery, timeliness and financial conditions. To ensure consistency, franchises are required to purchase their products from approved suppliers. (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). 3.3.1 Purchasing Power of BK Restaurant Services Inc. (RSI), a not-for-profit independent purchasing cooperative leverages purchasing power of the BK system in United States by negotiating the purchase terms for most equipments, food, beverages, toys and paper products used in the restaurants (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). RSI currently involves in the negotiation of purchase with BK for more than $3 billion a year in goods and services, managing supply agreements with over 300 suppliers and 27 distributors (Sterlingcommerce, 2009). For company restaurants and franchise restaurants in Canada, a subsidiary of RSI is responsible to purchase the products. However, there is currently no appointed purchasing agent that represents franchisees in other international regions. BK will work closely with their franchisees to implement programs that leverage their global purchasing power and to obtain lower product costs outside the United States and Canada. (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). Globalisation has increased the purchasing power of BK and therefore reducing bargaining power of suppliers with the ease of selection of suppliers who meet the company criteria 3.3.2 Suppliers of BK Food As a global fast food chain, it is important for BK to maintain its brand name worldwide. The image of the global brand could be destroyed in a day due to globalisation where news travels billion times faster than it used to be in the past. BK was labelled Murder King by animal activists forcing the company to implement new policies that are more closely monitor its suppliers. Thus by 2001, there were guidelines that require the egg suppliers battery cages to contain two water bottles, allowing the birds to stand upright and be at least 75 square inches (Detweiler, 2001). BK further discourages its suppliers from trimming chickens beak and breaking their wings to save packing space when transporting (Detweiler, 2001). Reports in media of one or more cases of food-borne diseases in one of BKs restaurant also negatively affect its sales worldwide when being highly publicised (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). During an earlier case in year 1997, BK cut off its ties with one of its biggest beef supplier, Hudson Foods Inc. as its beef supplies were contaminated with E.coli..Hudson voluntarily recalled the beef after the severity of E.coli contamination was discovered at its plant in Columbus, leaving some BK restaurants without sufficient beef supply for 24 hours to 48 hours (Papernik et al., 1997). Soft Drinks In fiscal 2000, BK decided to enter into a long term contracts with The Coca-Cola Company and Dr Pepper/Seven-Up Inc to supply all restaurants of BK in United States with their product (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). BK prolonged its long term liaison with The Coca-Cola Company as an approved soft drink supplier for its international region covering Greater Europe, Latin America and Asia-Pacific (PRNewswire, 2003). With the effect of globalisation, consumers in around 200 countries enjoy Coca-Cola products of more than 1 billions servings per day (The Coca-Cola Company, 2010). BK International President believes that with this renewed alliances, Coca-Cola Company, recognised as the worlds best known brand (The Coca-Cola Company, 2010) will help to grow the BK brand rapidly by providing the best burger experience to their consumers in all restaurants globally (PRNewswire, 2003). Getting into alliances with suppliers is a good way to also set up higher barriers of entry. From my analysis, bargaining power of food suppliers are strong but over soft drinks especially in terms of dealing with companies with strong brand name is weaker. Obviously, the extent to which the other party uses branding and distribution network as leverage globally as well. Employees Other than external suppliers, internal supplier is also an important piece of puzzle which without, BKs supplier network would not be complete. Hence, the bargaining power of its employees should not be shoved aside. BK had approximately 41320 employees in its company restaurants, field management offices and global headquarters as at 30th June 2009 (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). As mentioned in part 3.2.1, there are diversity of employees with different backgrounds, race, religion and cultures. It is clear that like globalisation, the factors in Porters Five Forces are interlinked and do not stand alone. The success of BK is highly dependent on its ability to attract general managers with necessary competences to be part of the management team to motivate the employees to sustain high service levels and maintain sales growth. The competition for the right employee candidates causes higher payment of wages featuring the high bargaining power of employees (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009). However, where boundaries between countries became narrower and communication made easier with globalisation, the search for the right employee is more efficient and effective through online application, which could perhaps reduce their bargaining power. The selection of employees is important as a wrong choice would lead to negative publicity. In one of the cases, a BK employee in Jacksonville had tried to poison a customer as he was pissed due to his suspension for misconduct (Morbid, 2010). In another case, a Washington State Deputy, Edward Bylsma after discovering a spit on his Whopper ordered fr om a BK employee decided to sue BK seeking $75,000 of compensation (Ryan, 2010). No doubt with globalisation, these news would definitely spread fast and adversely impact the companys brand. Further, since a large portion of outlets are franchised as a result of BKs decision on this bus model to move globally, employees become even more important as front link assets to keep sales and profits up. With payroll expenses on the increase as seen in the chart below, it is clear that for employees, their bargaining power is, in my opinion, rated medium to high. Chart 6: Payroll and Employee Benefits for BK ( Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009) 3.4 Rivalry among Existing Competitors Globalisation has increased the competition among the fast food chain. With various quick service restaurants mushrooming worldwide, other than competing on a national or regional basis, they are competing with each other globally. As an effect of globalisation causing increases in degree of awareness among consumers, there has been intense competition among the competitors globally to gain market share. Increasing prices of raw material, agitation by social organisations, slow down of U.S economy and also increasing fuel prices has prompt many fast food chain to divert their attention to eastern part of the world especially China ( Naim, 2008). Although globalisation has ease the expansion of fast food chain worldwide with the ease of information transfer and seeking global suppliers, entry into China and other Asian countries still pose logistical and political challenges. As quoted from Martin (1994) in Nation Restaurants news Among the most frustrating obstacles are the scarcity and inordinately high cost of prime locations in most markets as well as the steep tariffs and patchwork of inconsistent regulations that impede imports of commodities and equipment. 3.4.1 New Geographical Regions and New Ventures Taking a closer look, even though globalisation has blurred boundaries, there are still differences in cultural issues between United States and other countries resulting in different eating habits of consumers ( Glazer, 2007). From consumer point of view, globalisation has resulted from development of sophisticated media contributing to the creation of a borderless market but it does not mean it is without internal differences or local tastes (Ziedman, 2003). When a company goes global, they are bound to satisfy the demands of local customers. For example in India, cows are sacred and worshipped by the Indians, beef could not be served and the muslims, they could not consume pork (Kulkarni et al., 2009). Hence, it is a must to substitute the beef and pork in the product offerings. To further compete globally, BK invested in Whopper Bars. BK opened their first Whopper Bar in Orlando during spring 2009, and the first in Asia in Singapore during September 2009 (International Wire, 2009). It offers a specialised burger menu with more than 20 toppings (Ruggles, 2010). On 8th February 2010, BK further announced that beer sales will be added at a new unit opening in South Miami. ( Ruggles, 2010). BK changes may not be rapid enough to obtain further market share from McDonalds but the company has been spending more effort in improving its sales in this global competition ( Anderlini et al., 2010). Competing on a global scale gives rise to global income streams. This would help BK to sustain the worldwide competition where the profit from a restaurant would balance the loss in another. The pie charts below show the distribution of revenue from different geographical region. Chart 6: BKs Geographical Sales from Year 2007-Year 2009 (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009) In a way, the company is more dependent on its home market, as showed in the pie chart above where most portion of global stream income is generated. In a recent case in 2009, BKs advertisement for Texican Whopper burger in Europe had angered the Mexicans where a small wrestler featured in the advertisement was dressed in a cape resembling a Mexican flag. Mexicans have high respect for their flag and therefore could not tolerate such an insult from BK ( The Assiociated Press, 2009). This adverse publicity could have adversely impact its profits. Still, the company had not done unduly badly as seen in the charts below. Chart 7: Revenue, Gross Profit and Net Profit of BK from Year 2005 2009 (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009, SEC Info, 2007) It is clear that BK has done well as seen in increasing absolute figures of all sales, gross profit and net profit. A look at gross profit and net profit margin also shows that on a relative basis the company is handling itself well in the world of globalisation. Chart 8: Gross Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin of BK from Year 2005- 2009 (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2009, SEC Info, 2007) Even though Gross Profit Margin has been decreasing slightly, its net profit margin has been increasing with a drastic improvement from year 2006 to 2007. This is definitely a good sign. 3.5 Conclusion and Recommendation Globalisation can be a threat to the company and also it may help its expansion. Being a global brand, BK has a lot benefits which include cost-efficiencies, sharing of resources and ability to attract partners, employees and customers on entering new market. It all depends how the company took opportunities and work towards their goals. Management of globalisation is the key to success and most importantly, BK need to balance between global and local control (Samli, 2008). The company has retreated back to the US market, which is why the share prices have been sliding back down in recent times as seen below. Chart 9 : BKs Share Price Ups and Downs from 2001 till 2010 ( Yahoo Finance, 2010) Recommendations made to companys performance are as follows: Moving In Developing countries, Especially India and China Aggressively: India and China both has a steady high economic growth rates of 8.8% and 10% in 2010 (India Brand Equity Foundation, 2010) and will probably be the major players in the world economy. It is definitely a wise option to expand BKs growth in these two countries by using local partners, local employees and local ingredients. Furthermore, BK could also offer limited promotions during festive seasons or special events, for instance during Chinese New Year or Deepavali as this will help to attract more customers during that period. Broader Menu Selection: As mentioned earlier in the project, BK should continuously provide more choices of menu which allow customers to pick from wider choices. This step should be taken to also reduce threat of substitutes from new entries and existing competitors. Its product offerings must also be ensured to meet the local taste. As mentioned by the officials of market research firm of the NPD Group, quick service operators who are expanding their brands outside the United States must customise each unit to meet the specific needs of consumers in the country and region they seek to enter (Glazer, 2007). Promotions and Advertising: As observed so far, BKs advertising has been giving positive impact on its sales. Hence, BK should continuously invest in its promotions and advertisement to gain market share. BK could perhaps invite its employees to give their opinion as they are also the brand ambassadors. This would allow a fresher and a more creative in flow of idea and to boost the motivation of the employees as they are invited to participate in the companys program. However, BK should avoid price wars with its competitors ie. McDonalds as this would pull down the profits of all burger chains. BK should choose to differentiate from its competitors. There is only one winner in cost strategy but there may be more than one winner in differentiation strategy. Relationships with Franchisees: There has been cases where the franchisees are not happy with the decisions of BK Inc..The most obvious example is the sale of doublecheese burger at $1. BK should strengthen its ties with the franchisees by encouraging them to provide ideas and feedbacks on how to improve sales. When there is a disagreement between them, BK should understand the reason behind and to solve it on a win-win situation. If this could be practised, law suit against BK Inc. could be avoided. In conclusion, Porters Five Forces Analysis that was used to analyse BKs stand in the industry gives a birds eye view of the company and industry globally. Globalisation plays a major role in pushing and shaping the company. The survival of BK is dependent on its ability to adapt to constant changes in business environment due to globalisation. With BKs effort in improving its performance, it will definitely survive in this field and could perhaps be the number one fast food chain worldwide in the future.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

Living in a society with limited freedom of expression is not, in any case, enjoyable. A totalitarian system is a good example of such a society, because although it provides control for the people, it can deny them a great deal of freedom to express themselves. The fictional society in George Orwell’s 1984 also stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in North America is much more democratic. It contrasts with Orwell’s society of 1984 because communication, personal beliefs and the people’s loyalty to the government are all determined by the individual. In order to keep the people of Oceania in conformity with the desires of the governing Inner Party, the Inner Party controls several aspects of the people’s lives. Communication is controlled for the benefit of the nation. Newspeak is a modified version of language that is enforced upon the people in order to limit their expression. Syme and Winston, two middle-class workers in Oceania, discuss the concept of Newspeak. Syme reveals that he supports the system, demonstrating how he has been brainwashed by the Inner Party who enforces it. "It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words... You haven’t a real appreciation for Newspeak, Winston... Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought-crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it† (Orwell, 46). One can detect from this quotation that the people of Oceania, as a group, have been brainwashed by the Inner Party to use only Newspeak. Syme, for one, understands the purpose of it, and he still complies with the system because he has been trained to do so. North America in 2001 is much different from Orwell’s 1984 because freedom of expression is a dominating factor in our culture’s communication. In conversation as well as newspapers and magazines, a variety of views and opinions are openly expressed. In our world we have the freedom to talk to whom ever we choose. There are no boundaries on who we talk to and how we express ourselves. Through our televisions people are able to express different ideas or thoughts. Censorship is not enforced to a ... ...he government gives them the freedom to do so. These people are given the freedom to be who they want to be, to be loyal to their own person. All in all, modern society has an extremely high level of freedom regarding all forms of expression. The story of 1984 reflects a society that totally contrasts with our society today. While Orwell’s objective was primarily written to exaggerate the Totalitarian/Communist and other conditions of society surrounding him, 1984 presents an important guide to life for us as modern people living in North America. By cutting off communication, diminishing personal beliefs, and not allowing individual loyalty Orwell is able to show us how this society is wrong in our eyes. The totalitarian system that George Orwell creates in this book, 1984, contrasts with the society we are used to living in daily. Just as a major objective of learning our history is to ensure that we do not repeat our mistakes. 1984 can give warnings to both government systems and individuals regarding how society should not be controlled. The vigorous control system presented in the book stands as a method by which no person would want to live by.

Chaucers Vivid Characters :: essays papers

Chaucers Vivid Characters Essay- Chaucer’s Vivid Characters Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is so poignant that it almost single-handedly defines a whole epoch in history. It is the people living in the time period who define the era, and it was Chaucer who described the people living in the Middle Ages. Just describing a few people in an offhand way would not have had a profound impact. Chaucer’s writings did have impact because he characterized every social class using very vivid characters. Describing his characters with much vividness is key for that is what defines the way the reader feels about the character and the degree of power of association the reader makes with the character. Hence, the vividness of the character is directly proportional to how pointed his work is which creates the tone. Themes and proportions are tools Chaucer uses to create his tone. The more vivid the character is, the more pointed the message. For example, his writing is very vivid as to how ugly the Summoner is. Thus indicating Chaucer’s e xtreme dislike for what the Summoner represents. Through the use of literary tone, the characters of the Wife of Bath and the Summoner are described very vividly. Through The Wife of Bath, Chaucer gives an example of a freethinking individual. In regards to virginity, the Wife of Bath said, â€Å"advice is not commandment, no; He left the thing to our own judgment so.† This statement was very extraordinary for it’s time as it questioned the sanctimonious state of virginity. Moreover, the Wife of Bath is attributed with reasoning powers, which was probably not a common practice when portraying women in those times. The Wife of Bath gives an example of a character that is an independent thinker very much like Chaucer himself. Chaucer’s tone when describing the Wife of Bath was sensuous. Her face being fair with red hue and her buttocks large as she sat upon an ambler gives vivid impression of a tactile and visual nature. She had a bold face that coincides with her strong character. Not only does the tone conjure up pleasure; it also expresses mental thoughtfulness. It questions the church’s foundation of St. Peter’s ideas about virginity. Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath to indirectly express the church’s inconsistency in regards to the natural propagation of the human race and virginity. The Wife of Bath is honest. She feels no shame in ‘dancing the old dance of love’.

Religious Imagery in Flannery OConnors The Life You Save May Be Your

Religious Imagery in Flannery O'Connor's The Life You Save May Be Your Own The religious imagery in Flannery O'Connor's 'The Life You Save May Be Your Own' gives the story a cynical undertone along with a healthy dose of irony. O'Connor uses allusions to Jesus and Christianity to examine the hypocrisies of the religion and its adherents. Her character Tom T. Shiftlet is portrayed paradoxically as both the embodiment of Christ and an immoral, utterly selfish miscreant. By presenting these polarities side by side within one persona, O'Connor shows the dichotomies between so-called Christian morality and the reality of the Church. During his first encounter with the Lucynell Craters, Mr. Shiflet appears to be a harmless, generous wanderer. As he approaches the Crater?s home he ?swung ...

Analysis of the Character of Winston in 1984 Essay

Written by the author George Orwell, 1984 gives a terrifying outlook of society. George Orwell presents a world in which society, controlled by the State, is indoctrinated in propaganda and illusion. The main character is different from the rest of the people since he decides to defy the society he lives in. From the first chapters, the author creates the image of an unsatisfied man with the people surrounding him. The character of Winston, however, seems a bit of a paradox since, whilst he tries to rebel against his society, he irrevocably loves his job. From the beginning of the book, Winston disobeys the Party’s orders (by writing a diary), showing his disapproval of the way society is. Furthermore, the fact that Winston keeps a journal, conscious of the danger he risks, is evidence that he hates his society. As the reader advances in the first chapter, he can witness Winston’s attitude towards the Party’s values and the society. His attitude seems to always differ from the other employees. Indeed during the â€Å"Two Minutes Hate† whilst everyone seems to loathe Goldstein, Winston is only faking his hate. This shows his refusal into following the Party’s rules. Moreover â€Å"Winston’s hatred was not turned against Goldstein but, on the contrary, against Big Brother, the Party and the Thought Police†. Winston has a very critical approach to the Party’s policies. Winston’s uneasiness towards the telescreen is further proof on how he feels about society. Indeed, the telescreen represents another controlling aspect of the society. Winston despises the controlling aspect of his society since the telescreen has â€Å"pushed† him into becoming paranoid. Winston’s attitude towards the telescreen shows us he hates his society for watching him all the time. Winston also hates women, a specific part of society. They represent absolute obedience and depersonalization which he completely disapproves of. Yet, his feelings towards them are presented as complex since Orwell insists on the fact that he looks down at them but also feels attracted to them. Winston is however having issues with pretty women: he feels that they are joining blindly the Party. His strong hatred for them is shown by the wish to hurt them: â€Å"flog to death†, â€Å"shoot arrows†, and â€Å"cut her throat at the climax†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ However his apparent complicity with O’Brien shows, underneath all the hatred, that Winston is actually longing for a friend in this society he hates. This complicity is due to the fact that Winston feels closely to O’Brien as he defied Big Brother’s authority. Winston might have then felt like he was not the only one to fully despise the world he lives in. Winston’s hatred for is society has a paradoxical aspect since he reject his society’s values and deeply loves his job at the same time. This seems paradoxical because Winston despises the fact that the Party controls, modifies everything whilst his job consists in modifying documents. His job consists in modifying documents, as if he were rewriting History to make it coherent with the Party’s claims. Winston’s job requires organization skills, with special attention for dates. The reader learns that â€Å"Winston’s greatest pleasure in life was in his work†. The benefits that his job brings to his life are escaping his life and a position of power. The position of power might refer to the fact that Winston can change elements of the world he lives in and furthermore which might make Winston feel in complete control of his life and work. However, Winston is far from being â€Å"in control† of anything, but he does have a certain amount of power at the Ministry, considering he is allowed to access archives. This could explain why Winston likes his job so much. Furthermore it seems that Winston is able to interact with the past and its â€Å"real† version being closer to reality than the updated version. On the other hand, Winston expresses a sense of uncertainty concerning the exact authenticity of the version he received. In addition, it is because Winston hates his society he uses his job as a way of forgetting his sad life. His job requires a lot of concentration and dedication, which is exactly what he needs to escape his boring daily routine. Because he is so involved in his job, his life becomes easier. This means his job gives him the possibility of somewhat escaping from the horror of living under such an regime. 1984’s main character Winston is a complex man, who refuses to conform to the norms of society and chooses instead to defy it, while at the same time he very much enjoys his work at the Ministry. Winston hates his society, yet loves his job. This is coherent because the aspects of society that Winston so despises are changeable by his job.

Great Expectations Study Guide

Throughout these early scenes it Is clear that there Is a feeling of evil pervading. The evil comes not so much from Magnetic or even the Terrible young man' that PIP so fears as a young lad, but rather the presence of the gibbet and the nearby reference to the ‘hulks that appear â€Å"like a wicked Nosh's Ark. † It is a symbol of evil that is presently at hand as well as foreshadowing future ills. In this chapter we can see that the presence of the soldiers makes Pip ill at ease because of the guilt that he eels at aiding and abetting the escapees.He fears that they will tell of his collusion if they are captured. We know that it is their own quarrel that brings their escape to grief. We are told that they came from different class groups. The fierce young man is supposedly a ‘gentleman. ‘ This brings into doubt the definition of this term. This is important as Dickens Is most concerned in his work with defining the class groups and In fact the true definiti on of a gentleman. The evil of the convicts is contrasted with the sympathy that both Pip and Joe feel for them.Joe Is particularly selfless In is forgiveness towards Magnetic upon his admission of stealing from their household. PIP on the other hand allows this deception to pass as It favors his position. â€Å"l was too cowardly to do what I knew to be right, as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. † His guilt is intense and this isn't lessened by the forces around him that would condemn him and subdue him prejudicially for being young, fatherless and vulnerable. These forces ironically seem to come from his own parish and family.Joe, who is ironically not blood related is the one that he ants to impress the most and tone who he fears alienating by telling the truth. The irony is that Joe has already displayed tangible signs of being able to forgive anybody for anything on humanitarian grounds e. G. Magnetic. Magnetic himself has done a noble act In his confession. This Is In contact to Pip's cowardly secrecy. Chapter 7 Pip lacks education. This is remedied by Pip's being sent to Mr†¦ Whoopee's great aunt. Unfortunately she tends to sleep through these lessons. Fortunately, though, Pip learns to read through the assistance of Biddy, the granddaughter of this lady.Pip, who is apprenticed toes displays a very disturbing quality during this chapter that is to affect his development and the responder's opinion of him, that being snobbery. He ostentatiously offers to tutor Joe who is illiterate, but changes when Joe tells his story of how he met Mrs.. Joe and how he had cared for Pip. Joe goes further to show his magnanimous affection for all humanity as well as Pip: â€Å"l wish there warrant no Tickler for you, old chap; I wish I could take It all on myself,† He also looks at the frost on the marshes and pities all those that might be caught up In It.Pip Is Invited through Uncle Bumblebee's to visit a rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house, MISS Having looms large as life at the end of this chapter. Pip breakfast for his uncle before heading to Stats house. ‘Stats' refers symbolically to the irony of being satisfied. In contrast to the name of this Manor House there is nothing that is satisfied. When Pip arrives he is greeted by a young girl who comes across the courtyard to give Pip entry and usher him through the grim house by candlelight.Her name is Estella and she seems like a shining star to Pip although ironically her spurning of Pip seems to remove much of her luster to the responder. When we are introduced to Miss Having she appears as a weird and shrunken lady who seems surreal and almost lifeless. Her watch and the clock remain at twenty minutes to nine. This is the time that her life stopped and she began to decay metaphorically and literally. She tells Pip that her heart is broken and then orders him to play. Pip is unable to satisfy this request until Estel la is ushered in once more to play cards with him. Miss Having sits acropolises during this before dismissingPip and ordering him to return in six days. He is ushered out and given something to eat before experiencing an hallucination of Miss Having being hung. He walks home with his mind buzzing with the contempt that Estella had for him. Chapter 9 This chapter finds Pip being ‘grilled' by the negative forces at home, Uncle Bumblebee's and Mrs.. Joe. He prefers to lie being embarrassed about his treatment at Stats house. He eventually owns up to his lies to Joe at the forge that night but is haunted by the fact that Estella found him coarse because of his hands and boots. He wishes that he wasn't coarse.Joe tells him that: â€Å"If you can't get to be uncommon through going straight, you'll never get to do it through going crooked. † Pip thinks about Joey's wisdom as he is going to sleep that night, however, he can't help thinking that Estella would consider Joe common and his boots thick and his hands course. It would seem that this first visit to Stats House has infected Pip psychologically and he is experiencing quite a deal of disquiet. Ironically it is his childhood innocence that has been lost. After visiting Stats house and gaining a glimpse of a more privileged lifestyle he will himself never be satisfied again.This creates a prelude to his expectations. Chapter 10 Pip is obsessed now with improving himself, presumed to make himself more acceptable to Estella and Miss Having. He asks Biddy to privately tutor him in addition to the classes that he was getting at Mr†¦ Whoopee's great aunt's school. The disquiet that Pip is increasingly feeling and that was first heralded by his hallucination of Miss Having hanging is now seen further in his dreams. This follows when he sees Mr†¦ Hopple at the public house tailing to a mysterious stranger who is stirring his rum and water with a file. It is Joey's file.Pip is further haunted by nig htmares about the convicts and the file. Most importantly he is concerned that having such secret associations with criminals might be perceived as being ‘common' and therefore unpalatable to Estella. Chapter 1 1 wonders why he doesn't cry when she slaps him. This hardens him against emotion and this suggests also what Miss Hafnium's design was in this relationship. Another foreshadowed event occurs as he enters when he encounters a strange man of dark complexion. Pip returns to Stats house on the appointed day to find that Miss Having is being visited by fawning relatives.It seems as if the responder is strangely and unexpectedly given an emotional empathy for Miss Having. We feel for this character because she is Jilted and because we know that the relatives that are fawning after her have only her inheritance in mind. The relatives are Raymond, the henpecked husband; Camilla the hypocrite; Miss Sarah Pocket the fawning woman and Georgian the quiet but slippery woman. When t hey have gone Pip is asked to play again but refuses and agrees instead to work. He is forced to walk Miss Having around the table where she tells Pip that she will one day be placed when she is dead.The Juxtaposition of this frank request and the fawning relatives brings death to the fore. Miss Having also places expensive Jewelry on Estella breasts and hair to suggest her beauty and suggested inheritance. This is to tease and taunt Pip in a way starting the process of gaining revenge on mankind through her ward Estella. The notion of Juxtaposing two different classes is also part of this process. Pip is taken outside to be greeted by a pale young gentleman who wanted to fight Pip. Pip betters him and is rewarded with a mocking kiss by Estella. Chapter 14 Pip is totally miserable in this chapter.His discontent has reached apparently unbearable levels. This content is highlighted by the Juxtaposition of the good- natured Joe. His only solace is in that he hasn't shown Joe how he fee ls about him. Nonetheless it is a point of further pain as he realizes the extent of his character flaw as it contrasts with Joe: â€Å"l know right well that any good that intermixed itself with my apprenticeship came of plain contented Joe. † This heightens his cognitive dissonance. He feels guilt and shame at being ashamed and dissatisfied with things surrounding such and amiable character as Joe. He fears that Estella and MissHaving may visit and see him in his grimiest state. He is fully aware of the level of shame that he feels about Joe and his apprenticeship as a blacksmith. Pip feels that all hope for him has been lost. It is not incidental that this has come as a direct result of his visit to Stats House. His depression is evident in his thoughts made evident in this chapter: â€Å"l have felt for a time as if a thick curtain had fallen on all its interest and romance, to shut me out from anything save dull endurance†¦ † Chapter 15 The cognitive dissonan ce or guilt that Pip felt last chapter reaches its zenith in this chapter.He is the focal point of a fight between Joe and an itinerant worker (journeyman') named Rollick. Pip decided that he would like to visit Miss Having to thank her for organizing his apprenticeship as it was the anniversary of the establishment of the same. He asked Joe for a half day off so that he could visit Stats this leads to Mrs.. Joe arguing with Rollick and then Joe feeling that he had to defend his wife, the resulting fight leads to Joe defeating Rollick. They later make up over a pint but Pip's guilt about this incident is enduring. He visits Stats House but is greeted by Miss Sarah Pocket instead of Estella.Estella is overseas to become a lady. This leads to further dissatisfaction in Pip. Mr†¦ Hopple meets Pip and leads him to Uncle Puncheons place to see a play by a young George Lillo. The play is about an apprentice who murdered his Uncle. This adds further guilt as Pip feels that this is all aimed at him because he is an apprentice. It is as if the adults surrounding him feel that he will amount to no good. On the way home they walk with Rollick before reaching the village and finding that something is wrong at the Gagger house. Pip runs home to find out that his sister has been struck on the back of the head.Chapter 16 The theme of guilt continues in this chapter as Pip thinks that he may be somehow responsible. He fears one of two sources of this crime both that would somehow be his responsibility. It could have been Rollick, in which his asking for a day off may have indirectly be responsible; or the strange young man with the file in which it would have been his fault because of his association with convicts. Meanwhile Mrs.. Joe lies unconscious and then speech impaired. She continually asks for Rollick and designs a â€Å"T† that seems to point at the assailant.Biddy comes to live with them to help nurse Mrs†¦ Joe in the light of the death of Whoopee's aunt's death. Chapter 17 Pip's life has become routine except for his annual visit to Stats House on his birthday, at which time he is given a Guiana. Each visit makes him further dissatisfied with his lot in life. After one visit he takes Biddy walking on the marshes, where all bad things happen. He is oblivious to the fact that Biddy might love him even though he does see that she is attractive on one level. He thinks that he is better than her and acts in a patronizing manner towards her.He apparently cannot get the specter of Estella out of his mind†¦ If I could only get myself to fall in love with you†¦ † This reveals how self absorbed he is as he cannot appreciate her affection for him or even her feelings. The tragedy of this scene is that his soul-mate is in front of him and he is crippled from recognizing this. On the way home Rollick confronts them but Pip dismisses him. Biddy suggests that she is uncomfortable with Rollicks manner as she fears that he lik es her. Pip wishes to get him dismissed but his new relationship with Mrs†¦ Joe prevents this action.Chapter 18 In the fourth year of his apprenticeship Pip goes with Hopple to the Three Jolly Bargeman where Hopple reads out an account of a local murder. Those around him believe the man to be guilty. A stranger chimes in asserting everyman right to be man that he met on the steps of Stats House all those years ago. Pip learns that he has ‘great expectations' from an unknown benefactor. He is to retain his name as Pip; he is to be educated and he must not seek to know his benefactor. Ironically he is more morose than ever and is sad and lonely. His emotions do not move further away than himself.He cannot fathom what Joe and Biddy might be feeling at his departure. He is to be educated by Mr†¦ Matthew Pocket, Miss Pocket's relation. This to the responder as well as to Pip seems to link this lady to his expectations. It seems unlikely that it could be anyone else respon sible. Whilst Pip counts the days down to his departure, Biddy and Joe feel the opposite about the passing of this time. Chapter 19 Pip feels satisfied and free as Joe and he burn his indenture papers. After church he goes to the marshes again and thinks condescendingly about his village and feels superior to everyone.He thinks that he would do something for the village once he has made his mark. He recalls his first meeting with the convicts on the marshes. Pip's negativity and superiority ironically has him wishing ill to these convicts that had frightened him all those years ago. Pip hopes that the convict is transported or perhaps dead. He presumes that the benefactor is Miss Having and wonders whether part of the plan for himself involves Estella. This misapprehension is encouraged by her when she says: â€Å"Goodbye Pip – you will always keep the name of Pip you know. This of course echoes the instructions given to him by Jaegers from his benefactor. This combined with the fact that Jaegers was associated with Miss Having seems to be too much of a coincidence for him and the responder. Pip snoozes only to wake to find Joe smoking next to him. Again he acts in a superior condescending manner towards him. We notice the sycophants come out of the woodwork at this point of the novel. Mr.. Tract spurns Pip until he learns of his money and expectations. At this point he starts to fawn after him, as does Bumblebee's and even Miss Sarah Pocket.Dickens, it would seem, is determined to satirist the money dominated society in which he lived. He was more concerned with humanism and the real values of human beings Great Expectations – Charles Dickens: Part 2 Chapter 20 In this chapter Pip arrives in London and finds the city dirty and revolting. This seems to represent to the responder that he is disappointed in his expectations. It certainly takes the gloss of his expectations. This can be clearly seen through the repetitious use of the word â€Å"di smal. † â€Å"Mr†¦ Jigger's room was lighted by a skylight only, and was a most dismal place. This also gives an idea about how we are to view Jaegers. He too is a dismal man with very little regard for the societal ‘garbage' that provides him with his living. They provide him with a living but he treats them in a superior way as goes his clerk Hemming: â€Å"l wondered †¦ Whether they all claimed to have the same obtains perjured witnesses for Jaegers. Jaegers tells Pip to go to Barnyard's inn where he is to meet Herbert Pocket. Jaegers ends this chapter telling Pip: â€Å"of course you'll go wrong somehow, but that's no fault of mine. Chapter 21 This chapter mostly contains information about the city and about Barnyard's Inn and its environs. We learn about the seedy nature of London when Hemming advises: Mimi may get cheated, robbed and murdered in London. † Pip begins to despair: â€Å"So imperfect was this realization of the first of my great exp ectations, that I looked in sigma at Mr†¦ Hemming. † We are told that Weenie is to be a major influence on Pip as he controls the money from Jaegers. The end of the chapter has Pip meeting Herbert who recognizes Pip as the â€Å"prowling boy. † Could things possibly get worse!Nonetheless he is to find Herbert' company a bright spot in a â€Å"dismal† London landscape. Chapter 22 Herbert and Pip become friends despite the earlier altercation. They share stories about Estella as it is obvious that Herbert too has had dealings with her. Herbert describes her as a â€Å"Tartar†: miss, Miss Having had sent for me, to see if she could take fancy to me. Despite this obvious parallel to his situation Pip does not waver from his affections for Estella. We find out that Estella is adopted by Miss Having. It would seem to reek revenge on all mankind by her â€Å"haughty and capricious† nature.We find out that Matthew Pocket is Miss Hafnium's cousin and th is coincidence is the driving force behind Pip's supposition that he must be favored by this woman and hence she must, it would seem be his secret benefactor. In this chapter the familiar relationship with Herbert is established and he is given his nickname Handel after the piece of music called the Harmonious Blacksmith. This provides a link to Pip's roots and his true personality that suggests that he is not as haughty as he aspires to be. It also suggests that whilst Herbert is of this world he also has a sense of identification with normal societal dealings.Nonetheless Herbert does try to teach Pip proper etiquette such as how to use his utensils. Chapter 23 This is a chapter where we are introduced to the strange world of the Pockets household. Mrs.. Pocket has aspirations to be royalty and is ‘precious' being removed from the upbringing of her children. We are told they are not brought up but in fact eave â€Å"tumbled up. † When they annoy her she simply has them sent inside to have a nap. We are also introduced to Matthew Pocket, Herbert father. The responder is told that he is well educated at Cambridge. His other tutees are are Drummed and Startup.These characters are also introduced here. The total impression of the scene is painted as mildly amusing and Pip feels comfortable here, probably because despite the dysfunctional nature of the relationships it is more hospitable than his variety was not possible in the country and he appreciates it and finds it interesting and amusing. Chapter 24 Pip's future is discussed whilst it seems it is still very vague and not sent in concrete. He is told that he was: â€Å"not designed for any profession. † His education therefore is to be a generic one. He wants to secure his place at Barnyard's inn and needs to get furniture.Jaegers plays with him about the sum that he will need for this. Again this suggests something about the nature of Jaegers more than anything. This is also suggested whe n talking with Hemming about this man. He tells Pip to note his housekeeper carefully when he is invited to dine with his guardian. † You'll see a wild east tamed. † This provides some foreshadowing for this scene. Hemming also invites him to Walworth to observe â€Å"†¦ Three curiosities as I have got. † Chapter 25 In this chapter we find that Pip visits Whimsies Walworth castle. This provides a contrast to the world of Stats House that is dark an gothic.Whimsies house is warm and inviting. It is personal and quirky and provides and interesting view of the lower echelons of society and how happy they can be. Perhaps this is the vision of society that finally gives Pip something to build upon for his future. Earlier in the novel he experiences such rejection and dislocation from his own sphere of influence including his sister that there is no stability other than Joe, who is himself under siege by Mrs.. Joe. We are also introduced to Startup and to Drummed a nd find out more about these fellow students.Further is said about Jaegers and the dictatorial power and influence he has over the criminal underclass of society p. 206. The aged provides an interesting sideline in the world of Hemming and this shows his concern with family and support of others. It certainly shows how he has developed a dual persona between home and work life. When I come into the office, I leave the Castle behind me, and when I come into the Castle, I leave the office behind me. † Chapter 26 Pip, Startup and Drummed head to Jaegers for dinner and gives an unusual degree of attention to Drummed.It certainly also provides a comparison with Whimsies house for the responder: â€Å"†¦ L had an early opportunity of comparing my safeguard's establishment with that of his achier and clerk. â€Å". Jaegers makes his housekeeper show her wrists to the guests after they themselves had spent a ludicrous amount of time showing off their own muscles in an absurd di splay. We are also told that her ace compared with the faces that Pip had seen around the cauldron in a play of incident : â€Å"the Spider's time with Mr†¦ Pocket was up for good, and, to the great relief of all the house but Mrs†¦Pocket, he went home to the family hole. † This suggests that his societal aspirations and ambitions are closely aligned to Mrs†¦ Pocket. This taints our feelings towards Drummed and suggests that his significance to the story will be greater than this. Chapter 27 In this chapter the country comes to the city. Biddy writes a letter in typically familiar tones as Joe suggests he wants the letter written including slang What larks. The letter discusses that Joe is coming to London and in fact Hopple is coming to London as well to make his mark upon the London stage.Pip's snobbery has developed and he is not too pleased at this news and greets it â€Å"†¦ Not with pleasure, though I was bound to him by so many ties. It seems that he is in fact embarrassed by Joe as was suggested in Pip's discussion with Biddy before he came to London. When they meet there is an awkwardness evident and they in fact have trouble finding conversation. We are even made privy to Pip's thoughts when Joe does visit about his clothes and he way that he eats: â€Å"As to his shirt and collar they were perplexing to reflect on†¦ He sat so far from the table, and dropped so much more than he ate. Joe brings news that Miss Having requires Pip to return to Stats House to visit regarding the return of Estella. Pip is mortified with the poignancy of Joey's parting comment which highlights the societal division between the two that has developed: Pip†¦ Life is made of ever so many partings welded together†¦ One man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitest†¦ You and me are not two figures to get together in London: nor yet anywhere else but what is private and Benson and understood among friends. † Chapter 28 Pip return s home but decides not to stay at Joey's, instead opting for a room a the Blue Boar.He says that he would have liked to take his servant the Avenger, Just to show off particularly to that impudent rascal, Tract's Boy. Coincidence again plays its hand as he happens to be on the same stage as two convicts are traveling. One of them Just happens to be the same convict that gave him the two one pound notes. Pip departs the carriage with haste and makes for the Blue Boar where he discovers local newspaper that tells of Bumblebee's being the founder of Pip's fortune. Pip feels self-righteous indignation about this. Chapter 29 This chapter is a study in self delusion.Despite the fact that Herbert had told him of his experiences at Stats House he feels that his situation is different and that his affection for Estella is real. He thinks about seeing Joe but doesn't, instead walks on the other side of town to avoid running into him. Whilst walking he has a daydream about his relationship wi th her. He sees himself as doing â€Å"†¦ The shining deeds of the he tells us that he â€Å"†¦ Loved her none the less. Interestingly he finds Rollick at the door and there is some banter before he is admitted to Miss Having and Estella. Later he advises Jaegers to advise the dismissal of this unsanitary individual.He also haughtily advises the dismissal of Tract's Boy after Tract's boy mocks him for his airs and graces. When Pip meets with Estella she tells him that she was the ghost that he had seen that night. P. 238. Miss having appeals to Pip to love her charge but Estella herself informs Pip how unprepared she is to love anybody. â€Å"I'll tell you what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission. Finally we are told that Estella in her turn would come to London and that Pip would host her. This leads to Pip's love expectations and pride: â€Å"†¦ Hat she should be destined for me, once the blacksmith's boy. † Chapter 30 This chapter is the most satirically poignant chapter in the novel. Dickens points the disapproving finger of social condescension and snobbery squarely at Pip but he is too caught up in his new superiority to take it to heart. Perhaps this is because the person who is pointing the finger is the subject of his own need to show off, Tract's boy, therefore it is too easy to shrug all of this off as Jealousy. Nonetheless from the responder's perspective there is no character that is less pretentious than Tract's Boy.Audacious †¦ Yes, irreverent †¦ Yes, but not Jealous. Coincidence is again the device of this chapter. Pip is keen to avoid running into Bumblebee's, probably because of the newspaper article that he read last chapter, so he decides to walk for a bit and meet the carriage to London, that Jaegers is also in, further down the road. This provides the circumstance for Pip to run into Tract's Boy. When Pip sees him walking towards him â€Å"lashing himself with an empty blue bag,† he deems that â€Å"a Rene and unconscious contemplation of him†¦ † Would be the most dignified thing to do.Here is Pip trying to seem dignified to the unseemly, knockabout Tract's Boy. This in itself is pure folly. It was met by Tract's trilogy of mockery for Pip's apparent snobbish and condescending demeanor. He pretends to be afraid; asks for â€Å"mercy in front of many people; then â€Å"crows† him out of town with his cry of â€Å"don't know yah, don't know yah, pony my soul don't know yah,† to mock Pip's haughty dismissal of his town and all of his previous acquaintances that now seem below his recognition. Chapter 31 The comic satire continues in this chapter as Pip visits the theatre to see Whoopee's performance of Hamlet that is poor in the extreme.Nonetheless when he is taken backstage he is complementary telling Mr†¦ Wallpapering (Hopple) that he thought â€Å"massive and concrete. † After this experi ence Pip dreams of performing Hamlet to Miss Hafnium's ghost in front of â€Å"†¦ Twenty thousand people, without knowing twenty words of it. † This again reminds the responder how much of a hold this woman and her actions have a hold over his psyche. His dreams and nightmares and subconscious desires are all caught up with the world of Stats House. Chapter 32 In this chapter Hemming invites Pip to Join him in a visit to Negate prison.The Prison is described vividly. The metaphor of the Jail as â€Å"Whimsies greenhouse† is used. Hemming is described as walking amongst the prisoners: â€Å"†¦ Much the same as a gardener might walk amongst his plants. † In this environment, his work environment, takes upon himself the same superiority as Jaegers. Pip parts from Hemming and thinks about his: â€Å"childhood out on our lonely marshes on a winter evening. † Then regrets coming with Hemming on this particular day when he is supposed to be meeting wit h Estella. He tries to â€Å"beat the prison dust off†¦ † And even to â€Å"exhale its air. Ironically he fears, but doesn't understand, the â€Å"†¦ Nameless shadow which again in that one instant had passed. † Chapter 33 Pip is more confused and dissonant regarding his relationship with Estella than ever. She arrives and tells him that she is bound for Richmond to live and that Pip is to escort her, to this end she gives him her purse to pay for the expenses. There is a strong sense that Estella is a victim of her own fortunes and that she is a cannonball in flight without control over being fired or even what she might destroy when she ands. We have no choice, you and l, but to obey our instructions. We are not fee to follow our own devices, you and l. † Then she â€Å"†¦ Drew her arm through mine, as if it must be done. † Estella recognizes Matthew Pocket's qualities but feels that she has to add â€Å"†¦ For I hate that class of man. † She also murmurs the contemptuous utterance â€Å"Wretches! † as she approaches Negate. The narrator confesses that he would never have told her of his â€Å"†¦ Visit for any consideration. † This again shows how she has been ruined by Miss Hafnium's patronage. Her superior demeanor is objectionable to the responder.Pip gives voice to his affections for her and she is dismissive Mimi silly boy†¦ How can you talk such nonsense. † Nonetheless he steals a kiss with her permission even though he recognizes that he could â€Å"†¦ Build no hope on it. † He in fact recognizes that she will probably have many admirers in his absence in Richmond. Pip thinks about confiding in Matthew Pocket and gain his advice on women, but then sees Mrs†¦ Pocket reading â€Å"a book of dignities† and concludes that perhaps his advice may not be as sound as he'd hoped. Chapter 34 Regret plagues Pip as he starts to realize the social ramificat ions of his expectations.