Eu Directive And Waste Management Strategy Environmental Sciences Essay

This chapter asks the inquiry: â€Å" If there is a green engineering undertaking to undertake a local issue: What would the issue be? Which green engineering? Where to implement? What graduated table? † This inquiry is answered in the undermentioned six subdivisions: The first subdivision reviews the relevant statute law refering to the biodegradable organic waste and elucidates the of import function of AD in run intoing the rigorous marks ; the 2nd portion of this chapter references about the issue of municipal solid waste ( MSW ) ; the 3rd portion is sing the direction of family organic waste, it intends to convey that the MSW, peculiarly the organic waste fraction is conquerable through AD procedure ; while the 4th subdivision compares composting and AD, the 5th subdivision focuses on the AD engineering, viz. the historical background, the AD development worldwide and in the UK. Finally, the 6th subdivision is the nucleus of this chapter which presents the principle to th e research aims by informing the AD applications and benefits, the ideal feedstock for AD every bit good as the graduated table of AD engineering.2.1 EU Directive and Waste Management StrategyIn the last decennary, there has been an inflow of European statute law necessitating schemes to be introduced to pull off waste and to run into recycling and recovery marks ( Price, 2001 ; Morrissey & A ; Phillips 2007 ) . Harmonizing to European Union Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, the member provinces are obliged to set up national schemes that helps to diminish the biodegradable municipal solid waste ( MSW ) being landfilled. Biodegradable waste is defined as â€Å" waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobiotic or aerophilic decomposition, such as nutrient and garden waste and paper and composition board † ( European Union, 1999 ; Price, 2001 ) . The member states aim to cut down the biodegradable fraction by 25 % , 50 % and 65 % by 2006, 2009 and 2016 severally ( Stegmann, 2005 ; Slack et al. , 2009 ; Trois & A ; Simelane 2010 ) . The Landfill Directive had a important impact on the waste direction in the UK, ensuing a dramatic reform of the system and besides doing great force per unit area on the local governments and homeowners. Since the execution of the Directive, the authorities has been urged to tackle its recycling strategies and broaden its incineration capacity ( Price, 2001 ) . Whilst direct charging to the homeowner was deemed to be a factor which could promote public engagement in the waste direction schemes ( Burnley, 2001 ) . Defra ( 2010 ) stated that nutrient waste was one of the paramount issues to be tackled in order to carry through the duties under the Directive. In England, the Landfill Allowances & A ; Trading Scheme ( England ) Regulations 2004 ( LATS Regulations ) presumed that â€Å" the sum of biodegradable municipal waste in an sum of collected municipal waste is 68 % by weight † ( Hogg at al. , 2007 ) . The strategy was designed to cipher the biodegradable fraction of landfilled waste and to apportion the â€Å" landfill allowance † to single governments ( Hogg et al. , 2007 ; Knipe, 2005 ) . Hence, the governments were apt to a punishment of ?150 per extra metric ton of biodegradable waste being landfilled ( Knipe, 2005 ) . The strategy aimed to promote intervention of biodegradable waste and hoped to finally deviate the waste from landfill. In order to run into the marks, waste schemes for England and Wales ( Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 2000 ) , Scotland ( SEPA, 1999 ) and Northern Ireland ( Department of the Environment, 2000 ) were published ( Burnley 2001 ) . The EU ‘s Sixth Environment Action Programme ( 2002-2012 ) built the environmental pillar of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy that emphasized waste bar and direction ( Morrissey & A ; Phillips 2007 ) . The programme set cardinal aims to advance reuse, cut down, recycle and to guarantee waste being disposed closest possible to its beginning ( EEA, 2009 ; Knipe, 2005 ) . The new Waste Framework Directive ( 2008/98/EC ) besides required the European Commission to advance waste bar programmes, for case place composting and AD ( Hogg at al. , 2007 ; EEA, 2009 ) . â€Å" Household waste bar † was defined as â€Å" understating the measure and perilousness of household-derived waste generated in a defined community for aggregation by any party † by National Resource and Waste Forum in their â€Å" Waste Prevention Framework † ( NRWF, 2003 ; Knipe, 2005 ) . A study on â€Å" International pattern to forestall and cut down MSW † published by Defra besides defined household waste bar likewise ( Defra, 2004 ) . The accent on â€Å" Household waste bar † implies that the decrease and the intervention of family nutrient waste were being prioritised in the waste hierarchy. Harmonizing to â€Å" Waste scheme one-year advancement study † ( WS2007/8 – Defra, 2007/8 ) , the execution of assorted and unintegrated aggregation has successfully diverted a consistent sum of waste being landfilled. The former was either sorted or treated while the latter was either recycled or composted before landfilling ( Trois & A ; Simelane, 2010 ) . Waste Strategy for England 2007 highlighted the benefits of utilizing AD to handle separated gathered nutrient waste. The benefits included bring forthing energy and bring forthing good quality fertilizer ( WS 2007 ; Defra, 2010 ) . Other than the Landfill Directive, there is besides Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive 96/61/EC which requires the Best Available Techniques ( BAT ) to be taken into history. It is to cut down the emanations from peculiar installing and to relieve impact on environment ( Knipe, 2005 ) . Furthermore, when covering with family nutrient waste, Animal By-products Regulation ( ABPR ) needed to be considered. It set out regulations to command the processing and to stop the usage of the biodegradable stuff so that the hazard to animal and public wellness can be minimised ( Knipe, 2005 ) . ABPR inhibited unfastened windrows composting of kitchen waste ( Hogg et al, 2007 ) . On the other manus, EU Renewable Energy Directive ( 2001/77/EC ) encouraged electricity coevals from renewable energy beginnings ( EEA, 2009 ) . In order to follow with the Directive, the UK has to beginning 15 % of its energy from renewable beginnings by 2020 ( Defra, 2010 ) . Presently, AD is regarded as a possible engineering for the UK to accomplish this mark. It is due to its capableness to bring forth biogas to bring forth heat and electricity and biomethane to be injected into the gas grid ( Defra, 2010 ) . To give greater drift, UK Energy Act has implemented the Energy White Paper ‘Meeting the Energy Challenge ‘ which promotes renewable energy. The statute law permitted the debut of Feed-In-Tariffs ( FITs ) for small-scale low C electricity coevals from April 2010 ( Defra, 2010 ) . In add-on, renewable heat undertakings will be able to have fiscal inducements from the Renewable Heat Incentive ( RHI ) being introduced in April 2011 ( Redman, 2010 ) . Apparently, the UK ‘s AD fiscal inducements are being broaden to heat coevals as good. The renewable heat undertakings include injection of biomethane into the National Gas Grid, production of heat and power through AD and coevals of heat for territory warming. In the ‘AD-Shared Goals ‘ study by Defra ( 2009 ) , it was stated that by 2020, â€Å" AD will be an established engineering in UK † .2.2 Municipal solid waste directionMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) direction is going a important issue in many sta tes because the landfill of MSW contributes a important sum of methane which requires a complex emanation control and intervention ( Calabro 2009 ; Fricke et Al. 2005 ) . Presently in England, 50 % of MSW generated is landfilled, 12 % incinerated and 37 % recycled or composted ( DEFRA, 2009 ; ( Muhle et al. 2010 ) ) . Assorted interventions and aggregation strategies are being introduced and optimized in order to cut down the impact of nursery gases ( GHG ) and the sum of MSW being landfilled ( Knipe, 2005 ; ( Calabro 2009 ) . The uninterrupted addition of waste measures is seting force per unit area on many European states to run into recycle and recovery marks. In add-on, alterations to the waste direction were deemed to enforce economic and environmental costs. For case the execution of waste aggregation strategies like separate nutrient waste aggregation every bit good as the acceptance of higher engineering in waste recycling and recovery. aˆÂ ¦ The survey carried out by Slater and Frederickson ( 2001 ) concluded that the UK should better its kerbside aggregation and the composting of both kitchen and green waste instead than depending entirely on green waste composting. The findings were consistent with a figure of surveies ( Eunomia, 2007 ; AFOR, 2009 ) which stated that aerophilic composting was a good manner to pull off biodegradable waste. Whilst Calabro ( 2009 ) reported that separate aggregation played an of import function in pull offing the MSW and cut downing GHG. Separate aggregation followed with family nutrient wastes intervention provide greater net benefits in footings of increasing waste gaining control and understating the processing costs ( Gibbs A. and Hogg D. , 2008 ) . It is the writers ‘ purpose to clear up that separate waste aggregation and aerophilic composting were the ideal manner to pull off MSW. Despite of that, Muhle at Al. ( 2010 ) proved that accent on energy from waste ( EfW ) was the key to sustainable waste direction whereby maximal recycling and recovery could be achieved. In their survey, the MSW direction in Germany and the UK were compared from the facet of their C emanations. The comparing revealed that Germany with great publicity of recycle and recovery through energy from waste ( EfW ) installations emits five times less C compared with the UK ( Muhle et al. 2010 ) . As highlighted in another survey by Jamasb & A ; Nepal 2010 ) , EfW played an indispensable function as a feasible option to pull off waste efficaciously and as a stable beginning of renewable energy. They therefore proposed that the UK can better its MSW direction through the addition of EfW installations ( Muhle et al. 2010 ; Jamash & A ; Nepal 2010 ) .2.3 Pull offing organic waste at a family degreeKnipe ( 2005 ) reported that from the 30 million metric tons of MSW generated in the UK, family wa ste accounted a big proportion of 90 % . He added that the nutrient waste was the fraction which needs great attending due to its decayable nature every bit good the related environmental and public wellness concerns. Whilst Papadopiulos et Al. ( 2009 ) claimed that biodegradable organic waste was the major waste composing generated by family. Food waste digesters ( FWDs ) , a composter situated in the garden were deemed to play a portion in diminishing the biodegradable fraction of family waste at beginning ( Price, 2001 ) . While Knipe ‘s ( 2005 ) work supports Price ‘s ( 2001 ) findings to some extend, he stated that â€Å" aggregation and centralized intervention every bit good as place composters and Food Waste Digesters ( FWDs ) are two ways to pull off garden and nutrient waste † . His research revealed that nutrient waste intervention based in family appeared to be more cost effectual compared with the centralized intervention ( Knipe, 2005 ) . Likewise, the public presentation of a paradigm family composter was proposed and tested by Papadopiulos et Al. ( 2009 ) . Their probe showed that the system was able to bring forth high quality compost hence it was likely to promote public engagement in the waste direction. The aforesaid surveies by Price ( 2001 ) , Knipe ( 2005 ) and Papadopiulos et Al. ( 2009 ) emphasised the rule of ‘proximity to waste ‘ when pull offing biodegradable fraction of family waste.Composting and ADEunomia ( 2007 ) investigated the direction of biowastes from the facet of life rhythm analysis ( LCA ) . In their survey, they defined biowaste as garden and nutrient waste. Their probe has revealed place composting as the cheapest manner to deviate biowastes from landfill. However, they have besides concluded that AD and in-vessel composting are two effectual ways for biowaste direction, with AD holding more environmental benefits in footings of bring forthing renewable energy ( Eunomia, 2007 ) . Munster & A ; Lund ( 2010 ) applauded the findings in their comparing survey of eight different Waste-To-Energy ( WtE ) engineerings urging the AD of manure and organic waste for biogas production. A study undertaken by Association for Organics Recycling ( AFOR ) in 2006/07 reported that the UK composting and biological intervention industry has a promising advancement. Therefore more in-vessel composting ( IVC ) and AD installation are anticipated to be constructed to pull off the nutrient waste collected ( AFOR, 2008 ) . Aerobic and anaerobiotic interventions of MSW were compared by Fricke et Al ( 2005 ) . They revealed that AD appeared to be a more promising intervention due to its minimum exhaust emanations and maximum coevals of biogas unlike aerophilic intervention which has higher exhaust emanations and requires higher energy demand ( Fricke et al. 2005 ) . As reported by Braber ( 1995 ) , the procedure of composting consumes around 30 – 35 kWh per metric ton of waste input whist in contrast, AD procedure generates 100 – 150 kWh per metric ton of input waste input. Verma ( 2002 ) and Knipe ( 2005 ) besides supported that AD was likely to be a more believable alternate biological intervention compared to composting. Hence, the literatures concluded that AD was a feasible option to pull off family organic waste.2.4 Anaerobic digestion engineering2.4.1 Historical backgroundDuring the tenth century BC, biogas was ab initio used to heat bath H2O in Assyria and in Persia during the sixte enth century ( www.biogasworks.com ; Cruazon, 2007 ) . In 1808, Sir Humprhrey Davy proved that methane was present in the gases produced by cattle manure ( Cruazon, 2007 ) . Therefore, the AD procedure was claimed to beA one of the oldest engineerings ( Verma, 2002 ) . The industrialisation of AD commenced in Bombay, India when the first AD works was being built in 1859. Subsequently in 1895, the AD engineering shifted to England. A well-designed sewerage intervention system was used to bring forth biogas to fuel the street lamps in Exeter ( Verma, 2002 ; Cruazon, 2007 ) . In bend, with more development on AD procedure, anaerobiotic bacteriums that facilitate the production of methane were identified. Henceforth in 1930s, more manure and agribusiness waste were utilized to bring forth methane ( Humanik, F.A et al. , 2007 ) . Notably, the dominant application of AD engineering had been in farm-based installations ( Verma, 2002 ) . Prior to 1920, most of the AD was applied in anaerobiotic pools. However, as there were more understanding on the AD procedure and its advantages, more operational equipment and techniques were developed ( Verma, 2002 ) . The enterprise to stabilise waste has led to the debut of municipal sludge digester which spread worldwide. Nevertheless as the low-priced coal and crude oil became ebullient, AD systems were disregarded. In add-on, the increased involvement in aerophilic digestion systems had besides cause the reverses of AD. Although AD was being neglected by developed states, developing states like India and China in favour of the engineering ( Verma, 2002 ) . In early 1921, an ablong 8-m3 hydraulic biogas armored combat vehicle was built by Guorui Luo to digest family refuse to bring forth energy for cooking and illuming ( He 2010 ) . Later in 1970s, the energy crisis had stimulated the development of simple AD systems for methane production as an energy beginning ( Verma, 2002 ) . In China, the run â€Å" biogas usage in every rural household † was being promoted. However, due to proficient barriers, many of the family biogas systems were abandoned ( He, 2010 ) . Despite the barriers, India, China and Southeast Asia overcome the crisis with development of AD ( Verma, 2002 ) . Most of the AD systems were equipped with little digesters which used mixture of homo, animate being and kitchen waste as feedstock ( Verma, 2002 ) . Many AD undertakings emerged due to the urgency for deployment of AD systems to run into energy demands. The AD undertakings were chiefly farm-based AD installations ( Verma, 2002 ) . However, the shallow apprehension on AD had caused many undertaking failures ( Lusk, 1997 ) . Aboard with the research on AD, the AD systems became more complex and non restrained to simply agribusiness or carnal manure intervention but expanded to the direction of municipal waste intervention every bit good as family organic waste ( HOW ) ( Hessami et al. , 1996 ) . HOW comprised the nutrient garbages and garden waste which most homeowners dispose of in landfills or, compost. The AD of HOW was expected to turn peculiarly due to the GHG emanation decrease end set at Kyoto Summit ( Mata-Alvarez et al. 2000 ) .2.4.2 Development of AD worldwideIn Europe, AD installations were installed to handle a broad spectrum of waste watercourse like farm, industrial, and municipal waste ( Verma, 2002 ) . Currently, Germany is open uping in the deployment of AD engineering ( Poeschl et al. , 2010 ) . In Germany and Austria, there are 1000s of on-farm digesters which digest manure, nutrient waste and energy harvests to bring forth biogas for electricity coevals ( FOE, 2007 ) . Whilst in Denma rk, they have well-established AD engineering for manure and organic waste intervention ( Raven & A ; Gregersen 2007 ) . Their farm-scale workss provide territory warming and electricity for local communities ( Marsh, 2008 ; FOE, 2007 ) . A noteworthy illustration of upgrading biogas can be seen in Sweden where biogas is being used to bring forth fuel for fleets of town coachs ( Marsh, 2008 ; Holm-Nielsen et Al. 2009 ) . There were more than 600 farm-based digesters runing in Europe which emphasised on design simpleness ( Verma, 2002 ) . In Germany, around 250 farm-based digesters have been installed. In add-on to these systems, Europe is taking the lead in big centralized AD systems. There are 30 big centralised digesters of which 15 are in Denmark and 30 more are under building ( Verma, 2002 ) . These digesters co-digest manure, organic industrial wastes and source-separated MSW. Denmark is well-recognised for its centralized biogas works construct every bit good as co-operative farm-based Ad workss ( Raven & A ; Gregersen 2007 ) .Current AD Industry in the UKIn 2002, the UK ‘s first centralized AD installation was constructed in Holsworthy, Devon ( Figure 2.1 ) . The installation co-digested 75,000 metric tons of nutrient waste and carnal manure per twelvemonth ( World pumps, 2008 ; Marsh, 2008 ) . The biogas gas derived was sufficient to bring forth electricity for 3,600 places and to suppl y heat for local community ( Marsh, 2008 ) . There has been a considerable growing in the UK AD industry with the inflow of assorted fiscal inducements viz. Renewables Obligation Certificates ( ROC ) , Feed in Tariffs ( FITs ) , Renewable Heat Incentives ( RHI ) and others. In add-on, the relevant AD and renewable energy undertakings are besides underpinned through the AD Task Group, AD execution program ( Defra, 2010 ) and the AD Portal set up ( NNFCC, 2010 ) . Hence, the figure of AD workss in operation is predicted to increase quickly. Figure 2.1: The UK ‘s first centralized AD installation is constructed in Holsworthy, Devon. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk ) Ad has been used for many old ages in the UK peculiarly in the waste industry ( NNFCC, 2010 ) . Currently, 68 % of the UK ‘s sewerage sludge is being treated by AD. In comparing with Germany and Denmark, the UK ‘s AD industry is little and still in a newcomer position ( Defra, 2010 ) . However, by citing German and other states ‘ experience and engineerings, the AD industry in the UK is likely to germinate rapidly. Hitherto, there are 38 runing Ad workss in the UK, as shown on the biogas-map available from the web-based AD advice portal ( Figure 2.2 ) . The UK is aiming to develop more AD workss of different graduated tables. The execution program to increase the consumption of AD in England was clarified in the study by Defra ( 2009 ) . The programs aimed to ease the growing of AD industry including set abouting more research on small-scale and on-farm AD ( Defra, 2010 ) . Recommendations were made in order to accomplish the ambitious end as stated in Anaerobic Digestion – Shared Goals ( Defra, 2007 ) . The end is: â€Å" By 2020 anaerobiotic digestion will be an established engineering in this state, doing a important and mensurable part to our clime alteration and wider environmental aims. It will bring forth renewable energy in the signifier of biogas that will be used locally or injected into the grid for heat and power and for conveyance fuel. At the same clip, it will capture methane emanations from agribusiness. It will besides deviate organic waste, particularly nutrient waste, from landfill. The digestate will supply organic fertilizer and dirt conditioner for agribusiness and land usage. Anaerobic digestion and its merchandises will be used in a manner that is both good to the environment and cost effectual for that peculiar location. â€Å" This state will be recognised as a universe leader in the cost effectual, advanced and good usage of anaerobiotic digestion and in anaerobiotic digestion engineering and expertness. The Task Group will larn from experience both in this state and worldwide, doing usage of and constructing upon best pattern, and will portion our experience with others. † Eunomia ( 2006 ) reported that AD of source-separated family waste was able to lend about 0.36 per centum of UK electricity. In add-on, harmonizing to a study by Defra under the sub-section ‘Economics and Infrastructure ‘ , the separate aggregation of nutrient waste by the local governments was recommended to be proceeded ( Defra, 2009 ) . It is to guarantee that there are consistent feedstock supplies for the AD workss. Deployment of AD workss is believed to be important for the UK to achieve the renewable energy ends required by the EU Renewable Energy Directive ( Defra, 2010 ) . The UK produces over 100 million metric tons of organic stuff which is ideal as the feedstock for AD intervention ( NNFCC, 2010 ) . These organic stuffs include 12 – 20 million metric tons of family and industry nutrient waste, 90 million metric tons of agribusiness byproducts, every bit good as 1.73 million metric tons of sewerage sludge ( Defra, 2009 ; Eppel, 2010 ) . AD of different feedstock will give different sum of energy. For case, the digestion of 1 metric ton nutrient waste is able to give about 300 kWh energy. Harmonizing to the Renewable Energy Association ( REA ) , provided that all the UK ‘s family nutrient waste was treated by AD, there will be ample electricity for 350,000 families On FarmA |A Off FarmA |A Unknown Figure 2.2: The Biogas map demoing 38 active Ad workss in the UK ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //biogas-info.co.uk/maps/index2.htm ) Table 2.1: The AD workss and type in the UK ( Source: hypertext transfer protocol: //biogas-info.co.uk/maps/index2.htm )NoAD SiteTypeAFBI On farm Bank Farm On farm Comhairle nan Eilean Siar On farm Compact Power Off farm Copys Green Farm On farm Corsock Farm On farm Crouchland Farm On farm Davyhulme Wastewater Treatment Works Off farm Deerdykes Composting and Organics Recycling Facility Off farm Dimmer AD On farm Green Tye On farm Holsworthy Off farm Honiton Off farm Jepson Brothers, Ltd On farm John Rennie & A ; Son ( Farmers ) On farm Kemble Farms On farm Knockrivoch Farm On farm Lochside Farm Spynie On farm Lowbrook Farm On farm Lower Reule Bioenergy On farm Mauri Products Ltd Off farm Miekle Laught Farm On farm New Farm On farm Organic Power Unknown Selby Renewable Energy Park Off farm Sorbie Farm On farm South Shropshire Biodigester Off farm The Ryes On farm Tuquoy, Westray On farm Twinwoods On farm Twyford Power Station Off farm Walford & A ; North Shropshire College Farm On farm Wanlip Off farm Waterbeach Off farm Westwoods Plant On farm Wilbert Farms On farm Windover Farm On farm Woodhouse Nurseries Field Famrs On farmRationale to research purpose3.1 AD application and benefitsOrganic Power Ltd. stated that AD is the lone solution that â€Å" ticks all the boxes † ( Marsh, 2008 ) . Currently AD appears to be the favoured waste intervention option as it empowers itself, supplying entire energy recovery ( Braber 1995 ; FOE, 2007 ; Marsh, 2008 ) . In add-on to the capableness of handling organic waste ( sewage waste, agribusiness waste and nutrient waste ) , AD provides few accessory advantages. The added value includes production of clean and high quality digestates which can be used at farming area as fertilizers or dirt humanitarian ( Marsh, 2008 ; Wheadon, 2010 ) . The bi-product from AD can assist cut down the trust on mineral fertilizer which requires great energy input during production ( FOE, 2007 ) . Research into the use and benefits of biogas has been carried out by few research workers ( Marsh, 2008 ; Holm-Nielsen et Al. 2009 ; ) . The methane rich biogas can be produced when needed and can be easy captured ( Holm-Nielsen et al. 2009 ) . It can be utilised in a combined heat and power ( CHP ) works to bring forth renewable electricity and heat ( FOE, 2007 ) . It can besides be distributed to bing natural gas substructure ( Holm-Nielsen et al. 2009 ) . More singular, the biogas can be upgraded and be utilised as vehicle fuels as being applied in Sweden ( Marsh, 2008 ) . AD proves to be a dependable waste intervention alternate which can tackle the waste direction every bit good as the renewable energy coevals. The AD of organic wastes helps to cut down C emanations ( FOE, 2007 ; Hoffmann et Al. 2010 ) . Furthermore, the use of biogas as vehicle fuel replacement dodo fuels in the conveyance sector ( Holm-Nielsen et al. 2009 ) . Compared with other waste direction options like incinerators, landfill and gasification, deployment of AD installations produce minimum air and solid emanations every bit good as reduced odours jobs ( Braber, 1995 ; FOE, 2007 ) . Therefore, AD is the salient option which can do the EU ‘s stringent demands and ends come-at-able.3.2 Food waste as the suited feedstockIn an AD procedure, feedstock plays a needed function in maximizing biogas production ( Defra, 2009 ) . A considerable sum of literature has been published on different feedstock being used for biogas production. For case surveies on co-digestion of sewerage s ludge and OFMSW ( Sosnowski et al. 2003 ) , dairy manure and nutrient waste ( , every bit good as more digestion of nutrient waste ( Dearman & A ; Bentham 2007 ) . In comparing with cowss and hog slurry, Greenfinch Ltd. indicates that nutrient waste is a better feedstock ( Marsh, 2008 ) . Biodegradable organic fraction viz. nutrient waste was deemed as an ideal stuff for AD due to its built-in feature of readily and extremely digestible ( Bouallagui et al. 2004 ; Dearman & A ; Bentham 2007 ) . Whilst harmonizing to R.W.Beack ( 2004 ) , the biodegradable organic fraction collected at beginning suited as an AD feedstock due to its low taint. In add-on, nutrient waste has been identified as a extremely desirable feedstock which can bring forth high sum of methane ( Lay et al. , 1997 ; Dearman & A ; Bentham 2007 ; Zhang et Al. 2007 ) . A recent survey conducted by Lai et Al. ( 2009 ) determined that nutrient waste is possible for power coevals and besides energy preservation. Their findings were applauded by ) . Biogas derived from the separated organic family waste was claimed to be a sensible method of salvaging biomass ( Munster & A ; Lund 2010 ) . Therefore, the investing in development of AD was inferred to be good ( Munster & A ; Lund 2010 ) . The literatures imply that the family nutrient waste is an ideal feedstock for AD and is surmountable through AD intervention.3.3 The graduated table of an AD worksAd has evolved quickly around the universe in assorted graduated tables, from little individual vass for families, up to big industrial procedure size installations ( Wheadon, 2010 ) . In the UK, there are different graduated tables of AD in operation handling assortment of feedstocks. The assorted AD interventions include on farms AD works for manure and slurry, centralised AD works for biodegradable wastes ( Dearmen & A ; Bentham, 2007 ) every bit good as for sewerage sludges and industrial wastes ( Wheadon, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the England ‘s Official Information Portal, at present there are about 38 on farm and off-farm centralized AD workss runing in the UK utilizing nutrient and farm waste. There is yet any small-scale AD installation installed for a residential country. In order to speed up the development of AD in the UK, the Centre for Process Innovation ( CPI ) is join forcesing with DECC to develop a small-scale AD development unit ( Defra, 2010 ) . The unit aims to supply chance for companies to afoot probes related with the AD feedstock and the engineering itself ( Defra, 2010 ) . The Government is aiming to spread out the small-scale and on-farm Ad workss in the UK. For case, the new feed-in-tariff ( FIT ) was introduced to supply fiscal inducements for small-scale renewable electricity coevals ( Defra, 2009 ) . Therefore, a high growing potency is envisaged for the small-scale Ad workss. Few surveies have attempted to explicate the benefits of holding small-scale or family AD installation. In 2007, the micro-treatment of organic fraction of MSW was studied and the writers concluded that AD in plug-flow digesters is ideal for small-scale AD intervention ( Chanakya et al, 2007 ) . Subsequently, in a survey by Yu et Al. ( 2008 ) , the writer indicated that family biogas use has significantly reduced GHG emanations in rural China. Small-scale biomethnation is once more claimed to be a feasible pick due to the decreased draw costs associated with waste disposal and attendant decreases in traffic pollutions. They revealed that it is practical to hold little and simple decentralized biogas workss to handle OFMSW ( Chanakya et al. , 2009 ) . In another survey, Hessami et Al. ( 1996 ) found that the combination of a vas and low-tech design digestion processes is able to bring forth a digester suited to small-scale applications. The writer proposed the simple digester due to its low building and care cost, every bit good as its high efficiency for small-scale applications ( Hessami et al. , 1996 ) . The benefits of small-scale AD installations were agreed by FOE ( 2007 ) as stated in the ‘Briefing AD ‘ study. It was claimed that small-scale AD workss is executable as it reduces the transit distance and related air pollutions. Furthermore, FOE ( 2007 ) besides pointed out that employment of small-scale AD works is more likely to be acceptable to the local communities compared to larger waste direction installations.3.4 Research purposePlethora of literatures covering with anaerobiotic digestion of assorted solid wastes reflected the broad subject within this country. The broad scope of subjects encompass the car dinal facets of AD viz. dynamicss and mold every bit good as co-digestion with other organic wastes ( Sosnowski et al. 2003 ; El-Mashad & A ; Zhang 2010 ; Panichnumsin et Al. 2010 ) to the feasibleness of large-scale application of the engineering. From the literature reappraisal above, surveies have shown that AD is the preferable waste intervention options presently. Several research workers have reported that nutrient waste is an ideal feedstock for an AD intervention. However therefore far, there is a dearth of feasibleness research on small-scale AD works in residential country. Therefore, in visible radiation of this, the feasibleness of small-scale AD installation in residential country will be investigated in this research.

Database Enviroment Essay

THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT: A database defines a structure for storing information and it collects information that is organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. A database can also be thought of as an electronic filing system. Data and information are extracted from a database by creating a query and then submitting it to the query database management system (DBMS) and it is posed in a language that only the DBMS can understand. PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS: The museum’s current system is efficient but there seems to be some problems with the rights and privileges to the current users. For example, all users currently have the rights to input registration dates for certain events. The current system in not tracking the dates therefor there is no log of how many people are attending or the dates that they are supposed to attend. There seems to be lost inventory because the inventory does not match the reports that are generated. Some other problems that may exist is if artwork is removed and it is not enter into the database location it will not be updated. The reports also take too long to generate and scan the inventory. This requires the help of a user who has better access to the system rights. The administrator will have the rights to go in, access information and change and fix issues that occur. The basic employees will have limited rights to access certain information such as certain artist and artwork in the museum as well as dates that the artist will be in the museum. There is also a need for an explicit backup and recovery implementation. The administrator also needs to track openings for new artwork in the museum. Security The administrative support can use the systems database along with other authorized personal as long as he or she has a username and a password to access it. The system is password protected and is a secure system. Security is a plus when using a database where many users will be accessing the system. There will be a set standard to what a user can and cannot do based on what their position is on the databases. OBJECTIVES: The Museum of Fine Arts needs to install an updated database to track the new and existing art work along with the location of the art and artist as well as new artist. It needs to store all of the artists information as far as phone numbers, how many pieces of art they have in the museum, as well as clients that have purchased artwork or that is interested in certain pieces of art. The database also needs to store the quantity of art pieces sold and its current inventory at the museum along with the prices. They also need to log the attendance of the people that come to the museum. This system is maintained so that personnel have the ability to check the artist details, updated artwork as well as the entire museum notices, if any should be in the database. SCOPE AND BOUNDARIES: The scope is to design a database that holds the museums information in a secure environment. The database design will encompass one or more functions in a single environment or department. One of the boundaries is working with the existing hardware. Since the new database system will use standard reusable components, such as standard date routines or file access routines that will be modified. We will improve service by providing an information system to respond to customer inquiries which is all screen based. Cost of implementing the database, training and training materials for the employees might be another boundary. We will also, be implementing a disaster recovery plan for the system. Data Specifications List- Purpose- The purpose is to store information about the artists as well as current and new artwork in the museum. The database will also store information about the entire inventory that is currently in the museum along with the sale prices. A list of the major entities and the attributes about which information will be captured. Entities Attributes 1. ArtworkYear and Date Made, size, name 2. ArtistName, Artist ID number, Phone number, 3. PriceHow many   SaleDate of purchase, Item Purchases, Cost of Item Functionality- The data will be used to generate reports and track the inventory that is in the museum as well as facilitate searching and matching of the artist and artwork. Data Quality- The art museums manager and assistant manager will work to keep the data up to date. The data quality of the art museum is very important to the operation of the business. Without data quality for the museum it could lead to the loss of cliental, artist, revenue and potential closing of the art museum. Business Rules- There is many business rules that apply to the database. To determine whether a client is considered â€Å"active† or â€Å"inactive† they should have some type of communication and or contribute artwork to the museum every six months. Certain client’s information is mandatory such as address but we need to have at least their name and two contact numbers. The art museums manager is the only one who has the authority to authorize particular transactions. Classifications –The classification schemes that might be used by the database is alphabetical order or last names first. Data, which is categorized in a meaningful way, is much easier to search, sort and report on. User Interface-The user interface should look and behave in a simple manor for the user to navigate between different parts of the database. Specific functionality should be implemented and easy to use for such things as searching, adding new records and updating existing records. Reports- There are many reports that are required. There needs to be an inventory report done weakly to track the inventory. There needs to be an expense report generated as well as a loss and gain report. Security- The access to certain data needs to be restricted by user name and password because some information in the database contains sensitive information. The manager will be the only one that can add, edit or delete information. The types of art, prices and the artist information will be accessible to people outside of the museum via the internet. Scale- The museum needs a large database considering the amount of work it is required to do for example, the records the database will contain and the fact that it is available 24 hours a day. Operating Environment- The museum will need a system that can be added to in the future. References: Management-Hub.Com. (2013). Understanding the Objectives of Database Management in an Organization. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from URL http://www.management-hub.com/database-management-objectives.html Benda, S. (2011).Constraints and the Test-Driven Database Retrieved January 30, 2013, from URL http://www.simple-talk.com Peter, R. and Coronel, C. (2009). Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management –Computers, Scope and Boundaries. Retrieved February 1, 2013 from URL http://books.google.com University of Phoenix. (2004).Week Two overview. Retrieved February 1, 2013, from University of Phoenix, Week Two, Resource. DBM/380-Database Designs Web site: www.ecampus.phoenix.edu

Environmental impacts Essay

Introduction The Environment is the major resource for tourism. Tourism depends on the environment because environment is a major tourist attraction. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to investigate the environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area in Tanza, Cavite. Specifically, the study will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. What is the perception of the tourism industry that they are the source of effects on environment in terms of: 1.1 Natural environment; 1.2 Natural resources; and 1.3 Built environment. 2. Does the tourism industry has a benefits on environment in terms of: 2.1 resorts; 2.2 beaches; and 2.3 infrastructure. 3. What is the perception of the residents in the environmental impacts of tourism? Conceptual Framework Inputs Process Outputs Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite The figure 1 shows the input and the processes of the study. Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite of the selected resorts and beaches are the things to be measured in the study and the process is perception questionnaire for Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will focus on collecting the data about environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area. This study is limited to the data that will be collected in the community of Tanza near the coastal area. Significance of the Study This study will contribute to the community near the coastal area and to the local government to bring back the beauty and natural appearance of the affected area and also to improve the beaches where most of the tourists visit to gain more customers. Also to know the main reason why the area is polluted if it’s because of the visitors or the local community. Definition of Terms Attraction – the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something. Beach – a pebbly or sandy shore, esp. by the ocean between high- and low-water marks. Built Environment – refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply, or energy networks. Environment – the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, esp. as affected by human activity. Environmental impacts – Environmental issues are harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Impact – have a strong effect on someone or something. Infrastructure – the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the  operation of a society or enterprise. Resort – a place that is a popular destination for vacations or recreation, or which is frequented for a particular purpose. Natural Resources – materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Environmental Impacts The environment is recognized as the major resource for tourism. There is a mutual dependence between tourism and environment which has been described as symbiotic. This relationship is one in which tourism benefits from being in a good quality environment and environment benefits from the measures taken to protect and maintain its value as a tourist resource. (Williams 1998). As an environmentally dependent industry (Hall, 2007), tourism can have significant impacts upon the natural environment. Because of this, tourism must be developed in a way that focuses on sustainability so that the infinite life of tourism can be ensured while preserving the natural resources provided by the environment (Bramwell, 1993). Tourism Tourism as people who travel â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity (Hunziker and Krapf 1941). Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes (Tourism Society of England 1976). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design The researchers will use descriptive-correlation design in this study. The  researchers will get the perception of the residents on the impacts of the tourism in the areas. Using descriptive-correlation the researcher will show if there are any negative effects of tourism in the coastal areas. Sources of Data The researchers will get the perception of the guests, they will be asked about all the factors that affect the coastal area. They will also asked if the tourism industry is one of the biggest factor, and their perception about the environmental impacts of tourism industry in their place. Data Gathering Procedure The primary data will be gathered to answer the objectives of the study. The data will be collected through questionnaire which includes demographic data and the researcher will also conduct an interview to the residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza Cavite. Data Analysis The population consists of 100 local residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza, Cavite. Convenience sampling will be use to determine the impacts of tourism in coastal areas. The researchers will get the perception of the residents by answering the questionnaire if they strongly agree to strongly disagree. Statistical Treatment Research Instrument The researcher will use survey questionnaire for the study, they will also conduct a personal interview and visit the sites.

Chinese History, Mao Zedong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese History, Mao Zedong - Essay Example As a result, Mao urged for the overthrow of the leaders that were against the party ideals through violent means. In the 1960’s, Mao as a leader of CPC observed that the leadership of in China was against revolutionary theory and hence likely to support the ideas of those opposed to communism. The period also saw the weakening of Mao political powers due to the failure of the â€Å"Great Leap Forward†. There was also increased economic crisis because of poor policies adopted by the regime. Mao began to reassert his authority by putting into leadership those of his views to attack existing party leadership. Such people included Jiang Qing Mao wife and Lin Biao the defense minister. The period saw the advent of Cultural Revolution in august 1966. The major effect was closure of schools and urging youth to take into task the party leadership for their support of non-communist values and lack of revolutionary spirit. The movement turned violent after a short period. The stu dents were in the forefront in the violence. They had formed the Red Guards that was responsible for harassing the aged and intellect in the Chinese society. This paper focuses on the role of violence in Chinese revolution in advancing political power and control of political dissent. Chinese revolution was characterized majorly by violence. The violence played a significant role to the achievement of the goals of the revolution. The violence mainly focused on countering anti revolutionary ideas and consolidation of powers. First, the violence helped in countering ideologies that were seen as going against the revolutionary ideas. In the initial phase of the revolution, violence was used to stem out those leaders that were seen leaning to capitalist ideas. The leaders were seen as a threat to Mao ideology of having a communist society. One of the targeted leaders was

Socratic Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Socratic Method - Assignment Example Socrates’ argument holds true because individuals often choose to do things that other people say are wrong and they can also choose to do things that they know are wrong with the intention of benefiting themselves as humans are rational and will do anything to achieve their end or benefit from the situation. People’s personal intuition will lead them to doing things the way they do them so as to satisfy themselves and they choose to ignore what other people will think of it (Navia, 1999). An example is a stressed person who will turn to alcohol knowing that it cannot be a solution to their problems, but will gladly go into drinking as they think that this will do away with their stress. If people accepted that all evil is ignorance, this would have a profound impact on the justice system as people would make defenses on this basis which would be detrimental to justice. Prison and death sentencing would be affected in that proving someone guilty of a crime would be hard as they would state ignorance as their defense and meeting the expectations of justice would be a

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability Assignment

Legal foundations in business and the discovery of limited liability company - Assignment Example As such, the concept of LLC has since prompted several states and countries to adopt legal provisions and control statues that would pave way for active business investments in otherwise risky ventures that individuals could not ordinarily undertake single handed. The main focus of this discovery revolves around the ideals of protection accorded to members of the LLC in their corporate investment endeavours, especially with borrowed capital. With that in mind, this paper examines the significance of the aforesaid quote of Nicholas Murray with reference to relevant case law and legislative provisions. In particular, the paper looks at how private law exerts legal control on business entities. Besides, the essay examines a variety of legal structures that LLCs adopt in reality to support their business interest in pursuit of profitable ventures that are typically risky and capital intensive. The paper concludes with an epigrammatic analysis of the extent of liability that the LLC or it s members may owe indirect investors like banks, other creditors and customers and victims of tortuous acts of the LLC members. Limited Liability Company According to Grossman (1995, p.63), a limited liability company commonly denoted as LLC refers to a legally incorporated business entity with an infinite number of members enjoying protection of liability to the extent of their investment contribution in the business. Technically, an LLC is not a corporate entity per se but a type of unincorporated association that enjoys limited liability. In practice and legal context, LLC has a definite lifetime upon which the business must dissolve on expiry of the stipulated period (Dmitry & Plekhanov 2008, p.18). In terms of structural formation, a limited liability company may also be defined as a business entity that replicates certain features of a company and partnership. As a corporation, the LLC is characterised by limited liability. Whereas the business is more flexible than a typical corporation, a limited liability company possess that the partnership component of pass-through income taxation modalities as reiterated by Hannigan (2003, p.79). Although all its members enjoy limited liability, an individual member of a limited liability company may personally be held responsible for tortuous acts committed by him or by agents specifically under his direct supervision (Lobban 1996, p.401). Of course, this provision is only applicable for torts committed in the normal course of duty and for activities directly related to the business of the LLC. If follows therefore that the law shall protect other members from the liabilities of the responsible individual member or members, whichever is applicable. In even that significant liability has arisen in lieu of the LLC activities, the entity may be subjected to the theory of piercing the corporate veil (Keatinge et al. 1992, p.377). This is however less common when dealing with LLC as opposed to classic corporations due to the fact that limited liability companies do not have several complex formalities to observe. Nevertheless, an LLC may not circumvent the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil when its members had initially commingled their capital in the risky venture for which liability has risen (Halpern et al. 1980, p.122). Depending on the context of its operating agreement, the charging order mechanism

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Research Paper Example Since other fibromyalgia, CNS diseases, autoimmune diseases and infections disease can present with involvement of multisystem disease, when diagnosis of SLE is being carried out, there is need to consider the possibilities of these other conditions. The disease is a multi-factorial, multisystem, chronic, and rarely life-threatening illness with environment, genetic and hormonal origins (Robinson, Sheets & Currie, 2011). It can also affect any part of the body including blood cells, nervous system, skin, joints, and kidneys. Mostly, women aged 15-40 years are largely associated with SLE. Predominance of SLE In the U.S, the incidence levels reported annually is approximately 5.2% in every 100,000 people. The frequency of the disease differs with ethnicity and race. High rates of SLE are seen in women who are in the childbearing age. Higher rates of SLE have been reported in Hispanic and black people with an estimated 40 in every 100,000 white people in Rochester, Minnesota while in No gales, Arizona a 100 Hispanics in every 100,000 have the disease. However, there is less prevalence reported in the Northern Europe region, but the disease is mostly common in African Americans. Mina & Brunner (2010) also proposed that in an estimated number of 10 in 20% of the patients with SLE experience the disease prior adulthood. In international statistics, highest predominance levels have been report in Afro-Caribbean, Martinique, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain population. Even though the disease is seen more in the black people who reside in United Kingdom, it is less common in those who are in Africa. This has been attributed to environmental influences (Patel et al., 2006). However, in terms of race, the black women possess a higher likelihood of getting the disease than white women and Asians. One in every two hundred and fifty African American women is reported to have the disease showing how widespread the disease is in women Furthermore, the highest predominance rates are seen in ninety percent of the female population while the prevalence rates are considerably lower in the male population. Older men are affected by the disease compared to younger men but generally lupus is seen in very low rates among the male population (Alarcon et al., 2004). The death causes are mostly attributed to cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infections and active disease. The survival rate has progressed signifying that milder cases of SLE are being recognized. Over the past period of four years, the survival rate of patients with the disease has increased to 80% as opposed to that of the last fifteen years which was 50% showing that there is some progress in research. Pathophysiology Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus usually have a complicated range of abnormalities concerning their body defense system. SLE is connected with triggering 2 key components of the adaptive immunity, T and B cells (Alarcon et al., 2004). The abnormalities which target the a daptive immune system consist of production of autoantibodies as well as defective killing of T-Cells. In patients with SLE, the T cells usually express a smaller amount of IL-2. This is the main cytokine for differentiation, activation and proliferation of T-cells. The T-cells in SLE patients have a problem with signaling responses which result to the small IL-2 and CD3 amount. These abnormalities cause a decreased cytotoxic activity. Moreover, there is an incapability to repress

War is an Addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

War is an Addiction - Research Paper Example War is seen amongst the scholars, researchers and philosophers as means of destroying involving parties in a manner, that they would not be able to question the authority of the winning side. This lust for winning and gaining control of others’ resources sometimes result in a war, and the invader becomes addict to winning again by engaging into further wars. On one hand, engaging into war escalates the economic activities due to the increasing demand for weaponry and supplies. On the other hand, engaging into war exhausts a country or state’s resources into destroying other country or state’s assets and its ability to counter attack the invading country or state. As the world is becoming globalized and entities of each country are coming closer due to extensive use of technology, more and more information is gathered in order to make assumptions about a country’s resources. On top of that, the invention of modern weaponry systems and aggressive war doctrin e possessed by armies of different nations in the world, paves way for setting up wars and winning them to capture resources. This can be seen as a scenario, where the big fish is always looking to hunt small fishes, even if the big fishes have their hunger fulfilled. This is because this is in their nature to hunt, thus falling victim to their addiction of hunting small fishes they neglect the outcomes. Similarly, countries of the world engage into war, even knowing that the outcomes of the war would be devastating for both invader and the invaded country (Barash 4-9). The coming section would present different theories and concepts presented by researchers and scholars from the past, pertaining to addiction to war and what are the reasons behind it. Theoretical Grounds for Addiction to War As soon as mankind stepped on earth it engaged in understanding what are the reasons that mankind keeps its luxuries and satisfaction behind, and commit war against each other. A number of resea rchers, scholars and philosophers have carried out extensive research into the area so that a century old question can be answered, i.e. why man is addicted to war? It is the resultant of hard work of researchers and scholars from the past that a number of theories are presented today which helps in understanding the phenomenon of addiction to war. In this manner, mankind today is also able to eliminate war doctrine from their militant activities  in order to ensure that peace and harmony maintains on earth. Despite of the fact that all theories and research work present almost similar ideas on addiction to war, every field of study has a different perspective in understanding this phenomenon. Followers of social school of thought view addiction to war as an act of social frustration and injustice, whereas economic school perceives addiction to war as a result to unavailability of resources. Business scholars view addiction to war as a result to scarcity of resources and an attemp t to keep control of greater competitive advantage over rivals. Despite of the fact that while understanding the causes of addiction to war is different in every discipline of life, political science seems to be the best field, which explains the causes of addiction to war. War has been defined as a comprehensive attempt of individuals, group of individuals or state to aggressively outclass their rivals on the battlefield or in any field of life. Theorists also views addiction to war

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project Management - Assignment Example The paper "Project Management" investigates project management. This are all signs of the poor or no project management. However, it seems unfair that all the burden of failure falls on a single person Project Manager but it is how and why the project are managed to address the real life issues to bring betterment to humanity. Project can fail, even with the best intentions, if not planned and managed properly. Besides, unprecedented situations can occur if the project manager and his team have not carried out a thorough risk management planning. These reasons signify the importance of the project management and consequences of initiating a project without such efforts. Project Management Institute in its PMBOK defines a project as â€Å"a temporary endeavor with a beginning and a definite end that creates a unique product, service or results and is progressively elaborated†. Lawson and Gray highlight major characteristics of a project as: Defined and clear objective; Definite and recognized starting and end; Involvement of other departments, professionals and experts; Unique as never done before; Has requirements of time, cost, scope and performance. Project management is an effort to produce the desired results or deliverables in a number of varied ways of execution all reaching towards the end objectives. Project management includes clearly defining objectives, establishing requirements, managing conflicting resource priorities, balancing the requirements of challenging stakeholders. and team members while endeavoring to achieve cohesion towards common purpose. Managing projects in a systematic way result in cost effectiveness, mitigation and elimination of risks involved, higher productivity towards accomplishing the desired end objectives. These benefits necessitate a well-structured and scientific approach towards managing the project without which organization would find is difficult to meet the multifaceted challenges presented by the modern era of globalization. Without such an approach, it would be impossible for organizations to manage and deliver the project within defined and agreed upon constraints of time, cost, quality and scope in current competitive business environment. In more simple words, there is a requirement of established framework that is well recognized and agreed upon. In this context, organizations can benefit from the sequenced activities and task dependencies identified in the PMBOK and other related journals to create a structured approach to project management by achieving control over project environment, ensuring the end project deliverables while managing the triple constraints. Triple constraints are the competing and challenging requirement of time, scope and cost demanding a high priority on project manager’s to do list. The absence of such a structured approach would lead organizations in a volatile and disordered situation where they would have little or no control. Project managemen t is a vast topic and is difficult to concisely provide all the definitions, terms and terminologies within few pages. It is critical to understanding that project management provides organizations with a structured framework of

Sustainability within National Parks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Sustainability within National Parks - Essay Example MICE is commonly organised through meetings, exhibitions, conferences, corporate travels and incentive travels among others as a mechanism to generate awareness among the global communities regarding a particular issue. The special events are organised to attract visitors from global contexts, assisting in generating revenue as well, with the intention to support any developmental need towards sustainable development. It is in this context that these special events are identified to be attached with various environmental issues such as polluting air, water and land immensely. Nevertheless, organising MICE has also been criticised on the ground that holding these special events causes excessive use of non-renewable energy, increased transportation and abundant use of other natural resources such as water among others. According to Zamzuri & et. al. (2011), special events have adversely affected the environment due to increased wastes, inappropriate way of waste management, increased t ransportation and unnecessary materials purchasing among others (Pizam, 2012; Zamzuri & et. al., 2011). However, with a much positive perspective, according to Pao (2004), special events, which include conference and corporate meeting among others are organised in various locations with the intention of generating revenue for economic development. These events are identified to develop the tourism sectors; but on the other hand, they are identified as important sources affecting the ecological environment of a country at large causing pollution, traffic congestion and waste among others, within a short span of time as compared to other sources of similar environmental degradation (Anand, 2013; Wood & Brotherton, 2008). These environmental issues, identified from events organised under MICE, are also classified as those factors accountable for increasing social costs and thereby, affecting the environmental equilibrium (Pao, 2004). Green Business Tourism The tourism industry has aime d at developing an effective and eco-friendly environment with the aim of attracting visitors and making a country an attractive location for organising special events (Lau, 2009). According to Lau (2009), there are three main players that are associated with MICE, which include clients, suppliers and other players like government and sponsors among others. The organisers of MICE thus need to held meetings and exhibitions and other intended functions in an appropriate manner with the aim of ensuring that events are executed with better considerations towards the environmental sustainability responsibilities and societal stability. The organiser should also develop and initiate policies as well as measures on the basis of which, meetings and exhibitions should be conducted. Moreover, the organisers should seek that the site where the MICE events are to be organised,

International Relations paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Relations paper - Essay Example The geopolitics is significant in modern international affairs, as it keeps the countries engaged in forming and maintaining strategic relationships with each other and makes even a single country dominate the whole world on the basis of power. The geopolitical influence that is exercised by the United States across different regions of the world remains unchallenged by any country in the world. Being the most powerful and hegemonic country in the world, it has its say in the political and economic landscape of almost every country. Understandably, United States has not achieved this dominance coincidently; rather this happens to be a fruit of continued endeavours of the country to expand its economic, political and military power across the globe. This paper evaluates and elaborates the extent of US geopolitical influence and strategic dominance over the geographically significant regions such as the Middle East, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. The geopolitical objectives of the United States mainly encompass its conventional policies to conserve a significant share of world oil, to ensure a secure supply of energy resources, to dominate its existing and potential competitors, and most importantly to protect the existence of the state of Israel from any regional threats. Most of the US influence across the world signifies the same interests. Whether it is the critical state of regional stability in the Middle East, the pipeline politics in Central Asian Caucasus region, or its strategic influence in the Southeast Asia, the United States tends to play a significant role in shaping the regional and political landscape across the world. As Bromley (2005, p226) clearly illuminates that, "the routeing of pipelines, the policing of shipping lanes and the management of regional influences all depend heavily on US geopolitical commitments." Re-mapping of the Middle East The geopolitical influence in the Middle East allows United States not only to control regional politics, but also renders the oil dependent Western World as subordinate to US imperial objectives. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the re-mapping of Middle East has remained as one of the very important strategic objectives of the United States Perthes (2004, p85) assets that, "the U.S. administration has embraced the cause of bringing a "new order" to what it calls the Greater Middle East". The post attack invasion of Iraq and the subsequent plans to curtail Iran's nuclear expansion, happen to be a part of this goal. All the US strategies employed in the Middle East's expansion as well as democratisation rests on the objective of fostering a secure region for the state of Israel. Curtailing any threats posed to the existence of Israel by any country in the Middle East and preserving US dominance happen to be on the top of the American strategic targets in the region (Cantori, p102, 200 5) Zanoyan (2003, p108) illuminates that the pre-eminent strategic objective of US presence in Iraq happens to be of the transformation of its regime into a government that is friendly to US plans in the region. In this way, US envisages not only to curtail the roots of terrorism but also to protect Israel from any potential radical Islamic threat. A regime change in Iraq also supports the US objective of strengthening Israel while culminating the ascending Palestinian

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Timeline 1995 1996 Starbucks Coffee International is established. In August, Starbucks opens its first Starbucks store outside of North America in Tokyo, Japan through a jointventure agreement with Sazaby Inc. In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Singapore through a licensing agreement with Bonstar, Pte Ltd. 1997 In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Makati City, Philippines through a licensing agreement with Rustan Corporation. In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Bangkok, Thailand through a licensing agreement with Central Pattana, Plc. Coffee Partners (Thailand). In October, Starbucks opens its first store in Auckland, New Zealand through a licensing agreement with Restaurant Brands, Ltd. In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia through a licensing agreement with Berjaya Group Berhad. 1999 In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Seoul, South Korea through a licensing agreement with Shinsegae Department Stores Co. , Ltd. In June, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of Coffee Partners (Thailand), forming Starbucks Coffee (Thailand) Ltd. In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Sydney, Australia through a joint-venture agreement with a local Australian entrepreneur. In December, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 50 percent equity of South Korean operations from Shinsegae Department Stores Co. , Ltd. , creating a joint-venture partnership in South Korea. Starbucks opens its 100th Japanese store, in Akasaka. Starbucks is named â€Å"Number One Restaurant Chain† by Japan’s Nikkei Restaurant Magazine and â€Å"Best Product of the Year† by South Korea’s Joongang Daily Newspaper. 2001 2002 Starbucks Coffee Japan, Ltd. begins offering stock options for part- and full-time partners. In February, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of its operations in Australia, forming Starbucks Coffee Company (Australia) Pty. Ltd. In May, Starbucks opens its first store in Jakarta, Indonesia through a licensing agreement with PT Mitra Adiperkasa. The first Starbucks Coffee Ambassador Cup is held in the Philippines. Starbucks Coffee Company (Australia) Pty. Ltd. inaugurates the Bandaged Bear Day Appeal. Starbucks receives the â€Å"Nikkei Superior Products and Service Award† in Japan. 2003 Starbucks launches the first Asian Commitment to Originsâ„ ¢ coffee, Muan Jai Blendâ„ ¢, sourced from the hills of Northern Thailand.  ©2009 STARBUCKS COFFEE COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1998 1998 2000 2004 In July, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of its operations in Singapore from Bonstar, Pte Ltd. , announcing the formation of Starbucks Coffee Singapore Pte. Ltd. Also in July, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 49. 9 percent equity of its operations in Malaysia, forming Berjaya-Starbucks Coffee Company Sdn. Bhd. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in South Korea. 2005 Starbucks helps fund a free pediatric clinic in Penang through collaboration with HOPE worldwide Malaysia. Starbucks introduces ready-to-drink Starbucks Discoveries ® chilled cup coffee, in Japan and Taiwan. The drinks mark the company’s first RTD coffee offerings outside of North America. Starbucks introduces Starbucks bottled Frappuccino ® coffee drinks in South Korea. 2006 In August, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Japan. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in the Philippines and its 600th store in Japan. Starbucks introduces Starbucks Doubleshot ® espresso drinks in South Korea. 2007 In December, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in the Philippines. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in Thailand and its 200th store in South Korea. Starbucks introduces Starbucks Discoveries ® chilled cup coffee in South Korea. 2008 In February, Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in Malaysia. In July, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Thailand. In September, Starbucks introduces Starbucks Doubleshot ® espresso drinks in Japan. In October, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in New Zealand In November, Starbucks and partner Dong Suh Foods donate more than 3,000 books to sponsor the Starbucks Discoveries ® Dream Library program in Jeju Island, South Korea. The Dream Library marks the first charitable outreach program sponsored by Starbucks Global Consumer Products. In December, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Malaysia. 2009 In February, Starbucks appoints Arun Bhardwaj interim president, Starbucks Coffee Asia Pacific. ###  ©2009. STARBUCKS COFFEE COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Mitchells Fruit Farms: A history of company growth

Mitchells Fruit Farms: A history of company growth Mitchells Fruit Farms Limited is the oldest and most trusted Food Company in Pakistan. Since starting its operations in 1933, the Company has gone from strength to strength, and its wide variety of products has inundated breakfast tables with farm-fresh consumables, straight from its orchards in Renala Khurd products of a high standard, enriching the lives of millions of people with all the goodness of nature for a healthy lifestyle. Today Mitchells family continues to grow, reaching more and more households worldwide with an ever-increasing array of farm-fresh products ranging from thirst-quenching Squashes Syrups; fruity Jams, Jellies and Marmalade; rich Tomato Ketchup savory Sauces; tasty Pickles; refreshingly nutritious Canned Fruits Vegetables; and a wholesome assortment of Candies Chocolate from its wide range of confectionery products. Francis J. Mitchell arrived in Bombay from Scotland at the end of World War I. He had been invited by his brother who was already established in North Western India as a contractor to the government for construction of the railway network in this part of the subcontinent. At that time, when Francis was already an old man of over sixty years, an opportunity came his way in the form of the emerging irrigation system being laid out in the canal colony districts of West Punjab. He was successful in obtaining the lease of 720 acres of agricultural land in the then Montgomery district. The area allotted to him extended for nearly seven miles from Renala Khurd to Kissan, sandwiched between the arterial lower Bari Doab Canal and the Lahore/Karachi railway. He initiated the business of growing grapes for eventual sale as dried raisins and sent his younger son Richard to Australia for training at Mildura which was well known as a centre of specialisation in the field of horticulture. The The company, with Francis Mitchell as its Governing Director and his two sons Leonard and Richard as Directors, was incorporated in 1933 and given the name Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Ltd. The North Western Railway had opened to traffic a few years before the acquisition of the land by the Mitchell family. Francis Mitchell was asked by the railway authorities to propose a name for the adjoining station. Hence the word Kissan which subsequently became a familiar brand name. The trial planting of grapes, which began in 1921 and lasted until 1924, unfortunately did not prove to be a success. The vines suffered serious damage from pests during the rainy season, just when the grapes needed dry weather for ripening. The entire plantation was replaced with citrus, which, fortunately, proved to be profitable. The elder son, Leonard, was sent specially to South Africa to look for good rootstock, which was the foundation of Valencia orange trees these are well established on the farms today. With the outbreak of World War II, demand for canned fruits and vegetables for the allied troops, stationed in India, began to grow rapidly. To cost-effectively cater to this growing demand, a factory was established in Bangalore, South India. A new joint-stock company by the name of Kissan Products Ltd. was registered. PHASE II: AFTER INDEPENDENCE As a sequel to Independence in 1947, Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Limited lost nearly 75% of its Indian market. The companys name was changed to Mitchells Fruit Farms (Pvt.) Ltd. and the brand name MITCHELLS became the exclusive property of the Pakistani company. Likewise, the Indian company acquired exclusive use of the KISSAN brand name. Francis Mitchell died in 1933 and his elder son, Leonard, became Chairman. After his brothers tragic death in an air accident, Richard took over the chairmanship in 1949 and continued in this capacity until his death in 1987. The family sold its shares gradually, having inducted Pakistani shareholders in 1957, and retired to Eastbourne, U.K., in 1959. Richards wife, Betty, retained her links with the Company in the capacity of Director until 1991. She died in 1995. COMPANYS INFORMATION SALES The national market, particularly in the major cities was saturated with the imported foodstuff. Although foreign fruit preserves, sauces and drinks were visible on the shelves of the largest stores these were not as abundant as imported confectionery, especially various brands of chocolate. It would appear that much of this merchandise continues to be brought into the country through unofficial channels without payment of imported duties. Despite these unhelpful conditions Mitchells were able to achieve a significant increase of over 10% in the sales of confectionery and succeeded at the same time in recording a marginal growth in our traditional groceries business. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE In the beginning they have invested around Rs.29.76 million in putting up modern automated facility in the form of building and machinery. An independent feeder of supply of electric power directly form the WAPDA grid station together with a new standby generator were commissioned in January 2002.at a cost of Rs.14, 535,652.this should result in considerable savings in power bills. Internal cash generation and bank borrowing have met the capital expenditure bill in full. HUMAN RESOURCE Human Resource has also the pivotal importance for the company. Management and employee skills are constantly being updated through training courses and study tours both at home and abroad. Currently Mitchells is operating with 32 executive staff members along with a big sales and labor force RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The success of Mitchells products, and the taste that has been winning consumers hearts for generations, is the result of the Companys ongoing investment in and emphasis on quality control, reinforced by research and development (R D). Both sections closely coordinate with the Marketing and Exports Office in Lahore where product concepts are initiated and passed on to the R D section for formulation. Once the RD section has prepared samples of new products, the Marketing Division carefully carries out product evaluation. QUALITY CONTROL TRAINING Along with R D, the Quality Control section ensures that all our products live up to the consumers high expectations. From selection of the finest fruits, to processing and packaging, quality control plays a key role in keeping a vigilant and unrelenting eye on every step of the process. The Quality Control staff, with a main up-to-date laboratory, two line-control labs for the Groceries and Sugar Confectionery divisions, and an incubation lab, ensures that there is no deficiency in quality standards during production. As the Company considers its employees its most important asset, management skills are being constantly updated by sending executives on training courses and study tours, both at home and abroad. QUALITY POLICY Mitchells Fruit Farms Limited, is committed to produce best quality products meeting our customers requirements at competitive prices, strengthening our position as a quality managed company. To meet this obligation, the company will continue: 1. Updating of employee skills by training 2. Acquisition of new technology 3. Re-evaluation of its quality control and quality assurance system Management. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS EXPORTS At present, MITCHELLS products are being exported to several parts of the world, including UK, USA, and the Middle East. In future the Company is planning to make MITCHELLS a brand name familiar with households in every part of the world. IMPORTS There are certain Mitchells products that are being imported. For example, we import pineapple from Singapore. Only fruit is imported, the rest of the process is done in our farms. Some of the fruit is imported in the form of pulp such as mango. We do grow mangoes in our farms but due to the increasing demand of mango items we have to import some of the quantity from other countries to meet the demand. Sugar is also imported. PRESENT PERFORMANCE OF MITCHELLS The Company passed a major milestone when it went public in 1993, receiving a record subscription for its shares floated on the market. The year 1998, the 65th for Mitchells, brought another major distinction for the Company; the ISO 9001 accreditation, making it the first food company in Pakistan to achieve the honor. Today in Pakistan, Mitchells is the only major company with fully integrated operations having its own growing and processing facilities at one location. Modern high-volume industrial equipment, professional management and a trained workforce ensure that Mitchells maintains its lead. Fully computerized and inter-linked regional sales offices manage burgeoning countrywide sales, with those in major cities, Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. All the offices are on the Internet/e-mail network ensuring uninterrupted flow of data. Highly qualified executives using modern management tools from the Head Office in Lahore handle commercial, financial and accounting functions. A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage and consistency of quality have kept the most prestigious national institutions loyal to Mitchells growing product range. These include Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), leading five star hotels and clubs, Utility Stores Corporation, Canteen Stores Department, chains of main stores and established restaurants in major cities. FUTURE PROSPECTS We believe that given the vast agricultural potential of Pakistan, there are bright prospects for the food processing industry, which can helpmeet the nutritional needs of the growing urban population within the country as well as provide a surplus for export. The pre-requisite for such a development is a healthier and expanding economy. We are confident that our company is well placed to derive full benefit for the opportunities as they arise. MITCHELLS OBJECTIVES Mitchells objective is to provide its customer with healthy, innovative and best quality food that will tempt their appetite at all times. Above all, Mitchells also promise convenience variety at affordable prices. VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT 1. To be a leader in the markets we serve by providing quality products and efficient services to our consumers while learning from their feedback to set even higher standards for our products. 2. To be a company that continuously enhances its superior technological competence to provide innovative solutions and superior products as per requirement of the market place. 3. To be a company that attracts and retains outstanding people by creating a culture that fosters openness and innovation, promotes individual growth, and rewards initiative and performance. 4. To be a company which combines its people, technology, management systems, and market opportunities to achieve profitable growth while providing fair returns to its investors. 5. To be a company that endeavors to set the highest standards in corporate ethics in serving society. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS MITCHELLS Mitchells launched its squashes in the year 1941. Mitchells was the sole player in the field of squashes at that time. They were the first movers in rich fruit citrus. They identified the need of, make to drink product. After the proper customer need analysis consistent screening and evaluation by the Mitchells research and development department a totally new product (squashes) was designed in the form of rich fresh fruit citrus .It was a break through innovation They availed the opportunity and gained the first mover advantage. So they get hold of major market share , and with the passage of time they captured the market knowledge and rare resources Mitchells got the competitive advantage because they had the first mover advantage Fully integrated operations. Specially farm fresh fruits with having their own growing and processing facilities Mitchells had professional management and the trained workforce Mr. Richard got training from Australia Mildura at the initial stage A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage Right products, quality and reliability. Management was committed and confident Mitchells was the pioneer in the field of squashes, they gained massive market share and achieved the positive word of mouth regarding there products as they are made of fresh farm fruits. Target Market: The target market at the time of launch was up to 60 years of age and the core target was 15-30 years of age. Segmentation: They segmented their product on the socio economic classes focusing on- A, B+ and B. Marketing Strategy: As they had the first mover advantage they utilized it fully and initially promoted squashes by newspapers, posters radio channels. But they mainly invested there resources in building there corporate image . MAJOR COMPETITOR SHEZAN: The company was incorporated in 1964 as a Private Limited Company, with the main objective to set up an industrial undertaking for manufacturing of juices, squashes, sherbets, jams, pickles and preserves from fruits and vegetables. Shezan International Limited was conceived as a joint venture by the Shahnawaz Group of Pakistan and Alliance Industrial Development Corporation of U.S.A. The agricultural background of the Pakistani sponsors induced them to establish this agro-based industry. Today Shezan is the largest food processing unit having developed and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs. While introducing a me too product, squashes the major threat was to compete Mitchells, who already got the major market share by capturing rare resources and already gained knowledge of key factors and issues of the market. It was very costly for Shezan to overtake Mitchells.There was a high risk involved in competing with Mitchells fruit Farm Company. Shezan had the advantage to follow the already set product standards of Mitchells regarding research and development. Shezan had the line of action to grab market share by offering high quality and better taste followed by product variety by analyzing the Mitchells squashes. Target Market: Shezans target market is up to 60 years of age and their core target market is 15-30 years of age. Segmentation: They segmented their product on the socio economic classes focusing on A, B+ and B. Marketing Strategy: Launched squashes in 1968-1969. at that time they promote it by newspapers, posters radio. On radio there was a show with the name HIT BREAK the host name was HAMAD. They used market skimming strategy by offering low prices to capture the market share. SHEZANS COMPETITIVE STRATEGY  ·Initially launched only three flavors of squashes which were ( mango, orange and lemon). But in current market it has 6 flavors  (orange, mango, mix fruit, lemon and lemon barley, pomegranate)    ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan was available in 735 ml. glass bottle but now its available in pet bottle of 830 ml  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Complete backward integration in case of this company since it is the only company that has its own sugar mill as well in the name of Shahtaj Sugar Mills, Mandi-bahauddin.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan has the most developed distribution channels network and therefore it has an advantage of reaching maximum customers throughout Pakistan with the help of small retailers as well as larger retailers  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan owns 60% of shelf space in all of the almost 16,000 outlets of Utility Stores  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan is involved in advertisements and low cost promotional campaigns which makes it a very generic brand name in the mind of consumers when they are out shopping for squashes.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan is the largest food processing unit having developed and installed the capacity to meet the countrys local as well as export needs.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Shezan has the highest production capacity as compared to its competitors. MITCHELLS CURRENT STRATEGY Mitchells refreshing Squashes are made from the Farm Fresh Fruits in a hygienic environment keeping in view the health of their valued customers. Mitchells procure raw material from fresh and sun ripened fruits especially grown on their orchards in Renala, they offer a range of energizing natural fruit flavors that promise to liven up your day. Mitchells is the only major food company in Pakistan today with fully integrated operations having its own growing and processing facilities at one location. Modern high-volume industrial equipment, professional management and a trained workforce all combine to ensure that Mitchells continues its dominance as the innovator, market leader and trend setter. In 1998 Mitchells became the first food company in Pakistan to achieve ISO 9001 accreditation, thus becoming more competitive on the international stage also. Squashes has now stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage so Mitchells is trying to retain the market share and its loyal customers. Mitchells introduced squashes pet bottles with the quantity 1.5 liter and 810 ml Mitchells squashes are available in seven flavors (orange, mango, mix fruit, pineapple, guava, lemon and lemon barley) Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in eight flavors. Mitchells squashes contain extensive fruit content which is the major differentiation factor. In year 2001 and 2002 they run a biggest campaign for squashes. Mitchells used more than 200 hoardings displayed all over the Pakistan As squashes has stagnate growth and product itself is at maturity stage the company is focusing upon building its corporate image rather than investing solely on squashes advertisements. So they dont want to waste their money on squash ads. Last year Mitchells launched DIET squashes, for NICHE MARKET. POS material of advertisement has only been used to promote it. Mitchells Diet Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular Squash Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavors. Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, and Diet Orange Squash Mitchells is using consumer and trade promotion. But mainly focusing on trade promotions. . In Lahore the retailer benefit is 12+1, it means Mitchells give one free bottle to its retailer on the purchase of 12 bottles but on the other side in Karachi the trade promotion policy is 24 + 3 i.e. on the purchase of 24 bottles Mitchells give 3 bottles to its retailers. Thus Mitchells make the use Their unique selling proposition is quality .They never compromise on the quality. Even if they got any complain then they immediately replace it. Mitchelles believes that success of the organization lies in the satisfaction of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the following ways Thorough questionnaire feed back forms Thorough shop keepers Through ISO procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions) The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besides this they study the feedback and try to implement that accordingly. MARKET ANALYSIS The market for Squashes in Pakistan is mainly influenced by branded competitors in this specific product category. These competitors have firm distribution channels.. As a majority of the countrys population is in lower-lower to lower-middle class, this is the reason that people are more price conscious and secondly the also look for the convenience of products due to this reason there is a demand shift observed in the squash industry. The demand of Squashes is now limited only for few months in major areas of country. The Business of Squashes in Lahore is at its peak between May and November So Mitchells play a different strategy as far as region Lahore is concerned but on the other side business in Karachi remains stale and on the same level of graph thorough out the whole year thus Mitchells imply different strategy in terms of Karachi. The reason of this limited demand according to the market analysis is because that you cannot relate squshes with different occasions for example the way red syrup Jam-i-Sheerin and Rooh Afzah are relating themselves to Ramadan and Muharam, another big reason of the limited demand of the Squashes is because of i ts usage which is limited upto a thirst quenching drink but red syrup can be utilized in many ways apart from drinking such as toping, used in milk etc Target market The targeting decision determines which customer group the organization will serve. Selecting good market targets is one of the management most demanded challenges. Mitchells basically design the strategy to target the Social economic class of A B+ grade. But then by the time every class becomes part of their market. There primary focus was A B+ rank but now they target overall market and go for mass market. The reason is from the age group of (3-80) years old people use it as a refreshing and energetic drink. Target approach is being used by the Mitchells in case of Squashes product variety. Here the segments are not clearly defined but extensive target. Target Market Demographics: up to 80 years as target market while core target market includes ages between 15 30. Age: 10 and above Family life cycle: Young, Children, Old people. Psychographics: Middle, Middle Upper, Lower, Lower Upper, Upper class. Benefits: Quality, Rich in taste. Segmentation The concept of one-size-fit-all mass market is no longer relevant. Companies have to define that which segment they are about to target. Few years back, squashes segmentation was on the basis of behioral, life style and usage rate was high but now the potential is not in the market. Even consumption pattern has been decreased due to the entrance of other substitute products. Market needs Talking about the need of market there is a need of those products which are comparatively cheap as well as give ease to consumer. In todays world everyone is in hurry and customer want quick drink and quick food just to save their time. Considering Mitchells squashes need was there few years back when powdered drink and juices and energy drinks were not introduced to the market. So mitchells took the first mover advantage to introduce it though they conducted a research to create a need and capture a major market share at that time. 1. Quality craftsmanship Mitchells never compromise on its quality of fruit. Their squashes have extensive fruit content. There quality remains consistent all the time. 2. innovations As Mitchells company felt that customer are now very health continuous so they introduce DIET SQUASHES last year with the slogan lose weight not taste. But they have introduced it for the niche segments only. They even didnt use promotion activities for these innovations. 3. customer services As each and every company are trying to have good relationship with the customer. So in this regard if they got any complains related to their products they replace it without wasting the time of customer. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION MEASUREMENT: The success of the organization lies in the satisfaction of its customers. Therefore Mitchells has always given first priority to its customers feed back and this they do by the following ways Thorough questionnaire feed back forms Thorough shop keepers Through ISO procedures (CPA, Corrective and Preventive Actions) The feedbacks and opinions of the customers are very useful for them and besides this they study the feedback and try to implement that accordingly. Market trends Trends are changing rapidly, so nobody knows the customer who will buy our product today will buy it tomorrow as well as or not. At this time quashes are in MATURITY stage. The reason is because it takes relatively more time in getting ready instead of other new drinks. So there is still not any hope to create a new market in this industry. The only strategy Mitchells is using just to retain their existing customer and not looking for new customers. Its basically depend that customer is loyal to the product or not. The customers who are heavy users of squashes might not be shift to other substitute because they are loyal to it. Market growth Now there is no more growth in squashes industry due to consumer preferences and other factor is customer are very price conscious now. They want to have instant drinks to save their time but at cheap rates. So market has been shifted due to other drinks like powdered drink, instant drink, juices and red syrup. So now squashes are lying in CASHCOW because it gives money but not further growth. As Mitchells is the pioneer and still leader in the market so contain major share of market so far. BCG MATRIX SWOT analysis of Mitchells Strengths Fully integrated operations Having its own growing and processing facilities Modern high-volume industrial equipment Professional management and a trained workforce A smooth distribution system with nationwide coverage Right products, quality and reliability. Management is committed and confident Weaknesses Customer lists not tested Some gaps in range for certain sectors Customer service staff needs training More budget needed for Human Resource Development Opportunities Mitchells can continue its dominance as the innovator Can maintain its position as market leader Can also continue to be a trend setter International and domestic market expansion Introducing new verities of food products Local competitors have poor products End-users respond to new ideas Can surprise competitors Threats Political instability International Financial crises Challenge of work force diversity Changing technology and concept Legislation could impact Retention of key staff critical Possible negative publicity Market demand very seasonal SWOT analysis of squashes Strength: power of quality which remain consistent. Weakness: price and cost of ingredients used in squashes. Opportunity: can define more segments like introduce squashes in small bottles so reach customer buying power. Threat: all the substitute drinks. Picture of squashes: Competition analysis The competition is very fierce among the competitors so Mitchells always get the first mover advantage and still the leader of market. It has major share in the market. Direct competitors: Shezan squashes Indirect competitor: red syrup, instant drinks Market shares Mitchells 40% Shezan 38% Kinza 11% Others 11% Positioning strategy We provide high price, high quality premium product. Our market share in only Lahore is 30% for squashes. More than 50% of the area of the shelves in the stores is covered from Mitchells squashes. Position: We focus on positioning because it is important for developing the image that our product projects in relation to our competitors products (shezan).   Positioning in relation to a competitor: We place our products directly against the competitors products. this strategy is suitable for us because we have a solid differential advantage against our competitor Positioning in relation to a product class or attribute: We sell our product with the slogan We provide farm fresh quality drink And consider it to be our competitive edge against our competitors and for the same reason we focus on this attribute claiming that since we have our own farms we provide you with the squashes made of fresh fruit. Positioning by price and quality: We consider our squashes to be a premium product. That is high quality, high price. All our customers buy them due to brand loyalty. They know that they are getting something that is worth what they are paying. Marketing mix Product Strategy: It is a consumer product. Initially it was a convenience product but due to the massive demand shift observed in the market the customers are more eager to buy ready to drink products. Sugar Confectionary NEW LAUNCHES: Mitchells Diet Squashes Mitchells refreshing Diet Squashes are made from the Farm Fresh Fruits in a hygienic environment keeping in view the health of our valued customers. Our Diet Squashes contain No Sugar and have 90% less calories than Regular Squash. Mitchells Diet Squashes are available in two flavours.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Mixed Fruit Squash, and  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Orange Squash Product life cycle: Pricing Strategy: Mitchells pricing goal is to increase sales volume and maintain or increase the market share. In order to seek higher sales volume we often apply discounting techniques or other aggressive pricing strategies. Mitchells had charged premium price due to there brand image in the market for a long time. But, due to shift in demand it has become almost to its competitors. They cannot afford to fall below certain level of prices as they have to maintain certain profit level. At this point they are facing tough competition because one glass of squash costs 7.5 Rs on the other hand the price of powdered drink is 5 Rs per glass. Cost of 810 ml of bottle of Squash for retailer (including tax) = 71 bottle Cost of 810 ml of bottle of squash for consumer (including tax) = 82 bottle Profit margin = 11 bottle. Cost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for retailer (including tax) = 227.5 bottle Cost of 1.5 liter of bottle of squash for consumer(including tax) = 244 bottle Profit margin = 16.5 bottle Distribution Strategy Mitchells adopted the channel-Structure Strategy for distribution. They believe that product should be distributed directly from manufacturer to customer or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. They sell their products sometimes directly and sometimes they sell their products through retailers. Like in Lahore they need to sell thei